BNO Team 
8 min read 
What is Biotic Factor? A biotic factor is a living component that affects another organism or shapes the ecosystem. These can be animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. They relate to the living things in an ecosystem and are essential for the survival and growth of organisms within their environment. Biotic factors determine the types and … Read more
42 min read 
What is Biodegradation? Definition of Biodegradation Biodegradation is the natural process by which microorganisms break down organic matter into simpler substances, such as carbon dioxide, water, and minerals. Examples of Some biodegradable pollutants Biodegradable pollutants encompass a range of highly toxic synthetic compounds that have been introduced into the environment over time. Some examples of … Read more
76 min read 
Microbiology of extreme environments focuses on the study of microorganisms that are capable of surviving and thriving in these harsh and inhospitable conditions. These microorganisms have evolved unique adaptations that allow them to withstand extreme temperatures, pressures, pH levels, salinity, and radiation exposure. Here are some key points about the microbiology of extreme environments: Studying … Read more
32 min read 
What are Soil Microorganisms or Soil Microflora? The term “soil microflora” is used to describe the community of microorganisms that make up most of the soil’s organic matter and a smaller, colloidal amount of humus. What is Soil Microfauna? What is Soil Microflora? What is Soil Microbiology? Factors Affecting Microbial Community in Soil Like higher … Read more
7 min read 
What is Commensalism? Along with mutualism, the term was coined in 1876 by Belgian palaeontologist and naturalist Pierre-Joseph van Beneden. Beneden first used the term to describe the behaviour of carrion-eating animals that followed predators in order to consume their leftover meal. The term commensalism is derived from the Latin word commensalis, which meaning “table … Read more
5 min read 
What is Amensalism (Antagonism)? Amensalism is a sort of biological interaction in which one species harms another without incurring any costs or gaining any advantages. It is a form of interaction or competitive behaviour between organisms. Modes of Amensalism or Types of Amensalism 1. Competition Example 2. Antibiosis Example Examples of Amensalism In the Ocean, … Read more
9 min read 
Ecological factors are environmental elements that have an effect on organisms and contribute to their distinctive behavioral patterns. These causes create dynamic population or species shifts in a certain geographical location. Types of Ecological Factors Abiotic Factors Abiotic elements are non-living components of an organism’s surroundings. A biotope is a habitat characterised by a certain … Read more
39 min read 
Heat Treatment as a Food Preservation What is the Role of heat treatment in food preservation? Heat treatment plays a vital role in food preservation by offering various benefits that help ensure food safety, extend shelf life, and improve the overall quality of food products. The following points highlight the key roles of heat treatment … Read more
35 min read 
What is Single Cell Protein(SCP)? Definition of Single Cell Protein(SCP) Single Cell Protein (SCP) refers to edible proteins derived from unicellular microorganisms such as algae, yeasts, fungi, or bacteria. It can be used as a protein supplement in human or animal diets and is produced through the cultivation and processing of these microorganisms, which convert … Read more
15 min read 
What is Gas Treatment in Food Preservation? Gas treatment is a crucial tool in food preservation, utilizing different gases and their mixtures to modify or control the atmosphere surrounding food products. By doing so, the shelf life of perishable foods can be extended, preventing microbial spoilage and degradation. Here’s an overview of gas treatment as … Read more