BNO Team 
42 min read 
What is DNA Methylation? DNA Methylation Definition DNA methylation is an epigenetic process in which a methyl group (CH3) is added to the DNA molecule. This modification primarily occurs at the 5-carbon position of the cytosine ring, resulting in the formation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). It is considered one of the major mechanisms for regulating gene … Read more
46 min read 
In the world of genetics, there exists a remarkable technique that allows us to unlock the mysteries hidden within our DNA. DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a laboratory genetic method that has revolutionized the way we identify individuals, establish relationships, and investigate crimes. By analyzing specific regions of our unique genetic code, … Read more
16 min read 
What is gene expression? What is Gene Expression Profiling? Gene Expression Profiling Definition Gene expression profiling (GEP) is a technology for identifying the genes that are active in a given sample of cells or tissue. This technique enables profiling of genes that are differentially expressed in disease states; thereby providing diagnostic and prognostic information. Tools … Read more
65 min read 
What is Cloning Vector? A cloning vector is a small portion of DNA that can be maintained in an organism and into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted for the purposes of cloning. The vector for cloning may consist of DNA extracted from a virus, the cell of a higher organism, or the … Read more
13 min read 
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a technology for high-throughput DNA and RNA sequencing. It allows for the rapid and simultaneous analysis of millions of DNA fragments, enabling comprehensive genomic studies such as genome sequencing, transcriptome analysis, and epigenetic profiling. NGS has revolutionized the field of genomics, providing a faster and more cost-effective way to study the … Read more
16 min read 
What is Yeast Artificial Chromosomes (YACs)? Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are the result of a recombinant DNA cloning technique used to isolate and propagate extremely large DNA segments in a yeast host. The YAC cloning system enables the replication of exogenous DNA segments as linear molecules on a significantly larger scale than is possible with … Read more
9 min read 
What is PAM Sequence (Protospacer adjacent motif)? Protospacer Adjacent Motif, or PAM, is a type of two-factor authentication that tells Cas to only cut the foreign DNA that is invading. Properties of PAM sequence Spacers/protospacers PAM sequences Functions of PAM Sequence 1. Role of PAM in spacer acquisition 2. Role of PAM in interference 3. … Read more
13 min read 
What is Rolling circle replication? What Is Circular DNA? Mechanism of Rolling circle replication The Rolling circle replication is completed in the following steps; 1. Initiation of Rolling circle replication 2. Elongation of Rolling circle replication 3. Termination of Rolling circle replication As a summary, a typical DNA rolling circle replication has five steps Replication … Read more
38 min read 
What is gene/genome editing? Gene or genome editing refers to the deliberate and precise modification of an organism’s genetic material. This advanced biotechnological process allows for the targeted alteration of DNA sequences within a genome, facilitating the correction of genetic anomalies or the introduction of specific traits. Historically, the concept of gene editing traces its … Read more
16 min read 
Name Cas9 endonuclease Alternative name spCas9/spyCas9 Organism Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 Molecular weight ~163KDa Gene cas9 Location on chromosome 0.85 to 0.86Mb Protein CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9/Csn1 Cofactor Mg2+ Biological processing Interference- defense response to phage.Maintaining CRISPR repeat sequences Functions DNA and RNA bindingMetal ion binding3’-5’ exonuclease activityEndonuclease activity What is Cas9 Protein? Structure of Cas9 HNH … Read more