Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.
What is a Density Gradient Centrifugation? Scientists apply density gradient centrifugation in laboratories to sort particles including cells, organelles, and biomolecules because of their density differences. During density gradient centrifugation a sample sits on top of a density gradient medium formed by substances such as sucrose or cesium chloride. During high-speed centrifuge spinning particles from … Read more
What is Laminar flow hood/cabinet? A laminar flow hood, or laminar flow cabinet, is a type of work environment used in pharmaceutical, medical, and research laboratories that creates a well regulated, sterilised environment when working with delicate material or processes. The main job of a laminar flow hood is to maintain an area free of contaminates by … Read more
Ion exchange chromatography (IEC) is a chromatographic method that exploits the charge properties of the molecules. It employs an insoluble matrix, which is covalently bonded with a charged group, as a stationary phase. These groups will then also have the ability to attract and bind ions that have the opposite charge and that are in the mobile phase, … Read more
What is Fine Adjustment Knob? Particularly in high magnification levels, the fine adjustment knob is an essential part of a microscope as it helps to achieve exact and crisp focus. Particularly in the study of cells, microscopes are essential instruments in scientific inquiry as they let us view objects beyond our human sight. Under a … Read more
It is designed in a way that is compact and portable which is why it’s called a pocket’. They’re pocket-sized however some are bigger. Their size is not enough to be able to hold a mirror in order to put the image in the proper place. However, they contain a small stage where one can place an object to observe. They’re portable so that they can be utilized by both professionals and amateurs according to the task they’re designed to fulfill.
What is Polarizing Microscope? A polarizing microscope is an optical microscope that allows one to see birefringent materials—materials that give off two rays of light moving at varying speeds and indices of refraction—and contains certain added components for enhanced viewing contrast and more precise structural detail. As for the components of the microscope procedure that … Read more
What is transmission electron microscope? A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is an electron microscope that transmits electrons through a sample to observe it. Scientists use transmission electron microscopes to analyze materials and examine their microstructural and compositional properties. A transmission electron microscope transmits a highly focused beam of electrons through a sample to observe and … Read more
This reflects the seemingly marvelous developments that have occurred from the history of microbiology to the present day. Advances in technology and subsequent research in the field over the years have meant that once we learned how to study these tiny creatures, we only grew in appreciation for these vital little agents. But in 1590, … Read more
What is Inverted Fluorescent Microscope? Ever peeked into the world of living cells? Scientists use a nifty tool called an inverted fluorescent microscope for this. Unlike regular microscopes, this one flips the script—literally. Imagine the lenses sitting above the sample and the light source shining from below. This upside-down setup makes it perfect for studying cells chilling at the bottom … Read more
Objects are magnified under compound microscopes are mounted onto microscope slides. Made from plastic or glass Slides measure approximately 1×3 inches in size and range from 1mm-1.2 millimeters thick.
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