BNO Team 
16 min read 
What are Lymphocytes? Lymphocytes are a specialized type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s adaptive response. They are the key mediators of both humoral and cellular immunity. Here are some important points about lymphocytes: Definition of Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells that are crucial for the … Read more
18 min read 
What is Immunogenicity? A. Properties of Immunogen 1. Foreignness 2. Molecular Size 3. Chemical Nature and Heterogeneity 4. Physical form 5. Susceptibility to antigen processing and presentation B. Biological System of Host FAQ
21 min read 
What is Indirect ELISA? Indirect ELISA Principle The principle of an indirect ELISA involves the use of two binding steps to detect and quantify specific antibodies in a sample. The first step involves the incubation of the primary antibody with the antigen of interest. The primary antibody specifically recognizes and binds to the target antigen, … Read more
37 min read 
Antibodies are not found in a specific location, but anytime our immune system encounters antigen or a disease, B cells are activated and antibodies are quickly released into the bloodstream. These immunoglobulins undergo mitosis, resulting in cell division, and manufacture antibodies continually as a result of the production of additional cells. These antibodies linger in … Read more
22 min read 
What are Antibodies? Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are Y-shaped proteins produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (B cells) in response to the presence of foreign substances known as antigens. Antibodies are an essential component of the immune system and play a crucial role in recognizing, binding to, and neutralizing antigens. … Read more
26 min read 
What is ELISA test ? Definition of ELISA ELISA, short for Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, is a widely used laboratory technique that detects and measures the presence of specific antibodies or antigens in a sample. It involves the binding of target molecules (antibodies or antigens) to a solid surface, followed by the addition of enzymes or … Read more
15 min read 
What is Hematopoiesis? Hematopoiesis, derived from the Greek words “haima” meaning blood and “poiein” meaning to make, is the process through which blood cells are formed from hematopoietic stem cells. It is a crucial and continuous process necessary for maintaining the appropriate levels of circulating blood cells within the body. All cellular components of blood, … Read more
29 min read 
What is Immunological Techniques? Immunodiffusion tests Single Diffusion in One Dimension (Oudin Procedure) Double Diffusion in One Dimension (Oakley- Fulthrope Procedure) Single diffusion in two dimensions (Radial immunodiffusion) Double diffusion in Two Dimension (Ouchterlony Procedure) Immunoelectrophoresis Counter Immunoelectrophoresis Rocket Electrophoresis Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a widely used and … Read more
63 min read 
What is Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC Molecules)? Definition of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC Molecules) The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are a set of cell surface proteins encoded by a cluster of genes that play a crucial role in intercellular recognition and immune responses. They present antigens derived from self-proteins or pathogens on the cell … Read more
44 min read 
What is Antigen Processing, And Presentation? Major histocompatibility complex Major histocompatibility complex I (MHC Class I) Structure of MHC Class I Major histocompatibility complex II (MHC Class II) Structure of MHC Class II Major Histocompatibility Class III (MHC Class III) Antigen Processing and Presentation 1. Cytosolic pathway – Endogenous antigen 2. Endocytic Pathway – Exogenous … Read more