What plants are gymnosperms?

Gymnosperms encompass a diverse group of seed-producing plants that do not form flowers or fruits. Major groups include: 1. Conifers: e.g., Pinus (pine), Abies (fir), Picea (spruce), Cedrus (cedar). 2. Cycads: e.g., Cycas, Zamia. 3. Ginkgo: e.g., Ginkgo biloba. 4. Gnetophytes: e.g., Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitschia.