How are peroxisomes formed or made

Peroxisomes form through two main pathways: de novo biogenesis and growth and division of pre-existing peroxisomes. In de novo formation, peroxisomal membrane proteins are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum, where pre-peroxisomal vesicles bud off and mature into functional peroxisomes. Alternatively, existing peroxisomes can grow by importing proteins and lipids, followed by fission mediated by dynamin-related proteins. Both processes are tightly regulated by peroxin proteins encoded by PEX genes to ensure proper peroxisomal function.