Explain the risks to a species if its population size decreases, reducing genetic variation (knowledge of genetic drift is not required)

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Describe the use of artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in captive breeding programmes

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Describe the reasons for conservation programmes, limited to: (a) maintaining or increasing biodiversity (b) reducing extinction (c) protecting vulnerable ecosystems (d) maintaining ecosystem functions, limited to nutrient cycling and resource provision, including food, drugs, fuel and genes

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Describe how endangered species can be conserved, limited to: (a) monitoring and protecting species and habitats (b) education (c) captive breeding programmes (d) seed banks

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Explain why organisms become endangered or extinct, including: climate change, habitat destruction, hunting, overharvesting, pollution and introduced species

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State that some resources can be conserved and managed sustainably, limited to forests and fish stocks

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Describe a sustainable resource as one which is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it does not run out

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Explain the process of eutrophication of water, limited to: • increased availability of nitrate and other ions • increased growth of producers • increased decomposition after death of producers • increased aerobic respiration by decomposers • reduction in dissolved oxygen • death of organisms requiring dissolved oxygen in water

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Describe the sources and effects of pollution of the air by methane and carbon dioxide, limited to: the enhanced greenhouse effect and climate change

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Describe the effects of non-biodegradable plastics, in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

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