Genetics

Genetics is the branch of biology that studies genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It explores how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes, which are segments of DNA that carry instructions for building and maintaining an organism.

Key areas in genetics include:

  • Molecular Genetics: Studies how DNA, RNA, and proteins function in cells.
  • Mendelian Genetics: Focuses on inheritance patterns based on Gregor Mendel’s laws.
  • Population Genetics: Examines how genetic variations occur within populations over time.
  • Genomic Studies: Involves sequencing and analyzing whole genomes to understand genetic influence on traits.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) – Structure, Replication Mechanism, Factors

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Replication Mechanism, Factors

HSP heavy strand promoter LSP light strand promoter MGME1 mitochondrial genome maintenance exonuclease 1 mtSSB mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein NCR noncoding region TAS termination-associated sequence What is Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)? Structure of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) General Features of the Mitochondrial Genome Factors for mtDNA replication  Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication is a critical process distinct from … Read more

Karyotyping – Definition, Steps, Procedure and Applications

Karyotyping - Definition, Steps, Procedure and Applications

What is Karyotyping? Karyotyping: What’s the Deal? Definition of Karyotyping Karyotyping is a diagnostic technique that examines an individual’s chromosomes to identify genetic abnormalities, structural changes, and chromosome number variations. What is a karyotype?  Karyotyping Procedure/Steps of Karyotyping Staining and banding Staining and Banding techniques used in karyotyping: Applications of Karyotyping Medical Genetics: Prenatal Diagnostics: … Read more

The Wobble Hypothesis – Definition, Exaplanation, Importance

The Wobble Hypothesis - Definition, Exaplanation, Importance

What is The Wobble Hypothesis? The Wobble Hypothesis, proposed by Francis Crick in 1966, provides an explanation for the degeneracy of the genetic code. Degeneracy refers to the fact that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. According to the Wobble Hypothesis, the precise pairing between the bases of the codon and the … Read more

Codon Chart and Codon Table

Codon Chart and Codon Table

What is Codon? What is a Codon Chart? A Codon Chart, often referred to as a codon table, is an essential scientific reference tool that provides a systematic representation of the relationship between sequences of three nucleotides, known as codons, and the amino acids they encode. This chart serves as a key to decode the … Read more

Karyotype and Idiogram – Definition, Procedure, Steps, Applications

Karyotype and Idiogram - Definition, Procedure, Steps, Applications

What is Karyotyping? Definition of Karyotyping Karyotyping is a laboratory technique used to visualize and analyze the number, size, and shape of chromosomes in an individual’s cells, aiding in the detection of genetic abnormalities and chromosomal disorders. What is Idiogram? An idiogram is a diagrammatic representation of a karyotype, which showcases all the morphological features … Read more

Chargaff’s Rules – First and Second Rule

Chargaff’s Rules - First and Second Rule

What is Chargaff’s Rules? Definition of Chargaff’s Rules Chargaff’s Rules are two fundamental principles discovered by biochemist Erwin Chargaff, which dictate the base pairing in DNA. The first rule states that in DNA, the amount of adenine (A) is equal to thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) is equal to guanine (G). The … Read more

DNA polymerase II – Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions

DNA polymerase II - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions

What is DNA polymerase II? Definition of DNA polymerase II DNA polymerase II (DNA Pol II) is a prokaryotic DNA-dependent DNA polymerase that primarily functions as a backup enzyme in DNA replication and repair processes. It belongs to the B family of DNA polymerases and possesses DNA synthesis and proofreading activities. Structure of DNA polymerase … Read more

DNA polymerase III (holoenzyme)

DNA polymerase III (holoenzyme)

What is DNA polymerase III (holoenzyme)? Definition of DNA polymerase III (holoenzyme) DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the primary enzyme complex in prokaryotes responsible for DNA replication, possessing both synthesis and proofreading capabilities to ensure accurate replication of the genome. Components of DNA polymerase III (holoenzyme) The DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, a central player in … Read more

DNA polymerase IV – Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions

DNA polymerase IV - Definition, Structure, Mechanism, Functions

What is DNA polymerase IV? Definition of DNA polymerase IV DNA polymerase IV is a prokaryotic enzyme encoded by the dinB gene, involved in mutagenesis and DNA repair processes, especially during the SOS response to DNA damage. Unlike many polymerases, it lacks proofreading activity, making it error-prone, but it plays a crucial role in translesion … Read more

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