Angiosperms, also known as flowering plants, are the largest group of plants in the plant kingdom. They are distinguished by their ability to produce flowers and form seeds enclosed within a fruit. Angiosperms are a highly diverse group, with over 300,000 known species, and they include most of the plants we encounter in daily life, such as trees, shrubs, grasses, and flowers.
Angiosperms are divided into two major groups:
Angiosperms play a crucial role in ecosystems and human agriculture, as they provide food, oxygen, habitat, and raw materials for various industries.
7 min read 
What is Shoot Apex? Structure and Organisation of Shoot Apex The shoot apex, located at the tip of the stem, serves as a critical region for growth and development in plants. This structure is composed of meristematic cells, which are responsible for the formation of lateral branches, leaves, flowers, and other vital components. The organization … Read more
8 min read 
What are Ergastic Substances? Types of Ergastic Substances Ergastic substances of plants exist in three forms: 1. Reserve Materials Reserve materials are non-living inclusions in plants that serve as essential nutritional components for plant growth and development. They are categorized into three main types: carbohydrates, nitrogenous matters, and fats and oils. Each type plays a … Read more
11 min read 
Adcrustation refers to a biological process where a substance grows from within, expanding the entire structure without any surface layers being added. Essentially, growth happens throughout the substance itself. A common example is the growth of fruits, where the increase in size and mass occurs internally as the entire structure expands, rather than by the … Read more
18 min read 
What is Plasmodesmata? Definition of Plasmodesmata Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels that traverse the cell walls of plant and algal cells, allowing for direct transport and communication between adjacent cells. These structures enable the movement of water, proteins, small RNAs, and other metabolites, playing a crucial role in cellular connectivity and plant physiology. Structure of Plasmodesmata … Read more
11 min read 
What are Pits? What are primary pit fields? Structure of Pits Pits are vital components of plant cell walls, playing a crucial role in intercellular communication and the transport of water and nutrients. Their structural complexity allows for efficient functioning, contributing to the overall physiological processes of plants. The following points outline the key structural … Read more
8 min read 
What is Root Culture? Principle of Root Culture Protocol of Root Culture Below is a detailed protocol outlining the processes involved in initiating root cultures and clones. Importance of Root Culture Root culture is a critical area of plant biotechnology that contributes significantly to our understanding of root physiology and various applications in plant science. … Read more
8 min read 
What is Ovule Culture? Principle of Ovule Culture Protocol of Ovule Culture The following detailed steps provide a comprehensive guide for executing ovule culture effectively. Importance of Ovule Culture Below are specific aspects detailing the importance and applications of ovule culture.
7 min read 
What is Flower Culture? Principle of Flower Culture Protocol of Flower Culture The protocol outlined below provides a systematic approach for the successful culture of flower buds or mature flowers, ensuring optimal growth and minimizing contamination. Importance of Flower Culture Below are key aspects highlighting the importance of flower culture:
5 min read 
What is Cytodifferentiation? Steps in Cytodifferentiation Cytodifferentiation involves a series of critical steps that lead to the specialization of cells within a culture, particularly in plant tissue culture. The fate of individual cells during this process is inherently variable and influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. As a result, the cytodifferentiation process is not … Read more
29 min read 
What are Tissues? Definition of Tissues Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions in an organism. They serve as the structural and functional units that form organs, playing critical roles in various biological processes. Types of Tissues Tissues are classified into two main categories: plant tissues and animal tissues. … Read more