Sourav Pan

Academic Writer, Microbiology Specialist | M.Sc. Microbiology, Calcutta University, Founder of Biologynotesonline.com

Sourav is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Master’s degree in Microbiology from Calcutta University and has over 5 years of experience in academic writing, life science content creation. His content reflects hands-on lab expertise, deep subject knowledge, and a strong passion for simplifying biology for students. Whether it’s genetics, microscopy, or metabolic pathways — Sourav explains it in a way that’s accurate, exam-focused, and easy to remember. He regularly updates and fact-checks all the material published on this site, ensuring students get trustworthy and updated biology notes with references to real scientific sources.

Karyotyping – Definition, Steps, Procedure and Applications

• Published on July 7, 2024 • 12 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Karyotyping? Karyotyping: What’s the Deal? Definition of Karyotyping Karyotyping is a diagnostic technique that examines an individual’s chromosomes to identify genetic abnormalities, structural changes, and chromosome number variations. What is a karyotype? Karyotyping Procedure/Steps of Karyotyping Staining and banding Staining and Banding techniques used in karyotyping: Applications of Karyotyping Medical Genetics: Prenatal Diagnostics: … Read more

DNA Library – Types, Construction, Applications

• Published on July 4, 2024 • 10 min readby Sourav Pan

What is DNA Library (Genomic, cDNA)? Types of DNA Library There are two main types of DNA libraries: genomic libraries, and cDNA libraries. 1. Genomic Library 2. cDNA Library Genomic Library Construction Steps Genomic Library Construction Steps Creating a cDNA library begins with mRNA, which carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. … Read more

Transgenic Plants – Examples, Definition, Procedure, Application

• Published on June 27, 2024 • 19 min readby Sourav Pan

What are Transgenic Plants? Definition of Transgenic Plants Transgenic plants are genetically modified organisms in which DNA from another species is inserted into their genome through genetic engineering techniques to confer new traits, such as pest resistance or improved nutritional content. Different Methods to Create Transgenic Plant Creating transgenic plants involves various techniques to introduce … Read more

The Wobble Hypothesis – Definition, Exaplanation, Importance

• Published on June 24, 2024 • 16 min readby Sourav Pan

What is The Wobble Hypothesis? The Wobble Hypothesis, proposed by Francis Crick in 1966, provides an explanation for the degeneracy of the genetic code. Degeneracy refers to the fact that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. According to the Wobble Hypothesis, the precise pairing between the bases of the codon and the … Read more

Herdmania – Characteristics, Anatomy (With Diagram), Nervous System

• Published on June 23, 2024 • 23 min readby Sourav Pan

Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Tunicata Class Ascidiacea Order Stolidobranchia Family Pyuridae Genus Herdmania Authority Lahille, 1888 What is Herdmania? Herdmania is a genus of marine ascidians, belonging to the family Pyuridae. These organisms are invertebrates with a sac-like body structure covered by a tough outer covering called a test. They are filter … Read more

Difference Between Homologous Chromosomes and Sister Chromatids

• Published on June 22, 2024 • 8 min readby Sourav Pan

difference in composition of homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids.

What are Homologous Chromosomes? Homologous chromosomes are fundamental components of the genetic architecture in diploid organisms, including humans. These chromosomes are pairs that have the same structure and genes, though they may carry different alleles, or variations, of those genes. Understanding homologous chromosomes is crucial for grasping the mechanisms of heredity and genetic variation. What … Read more

Difference between Monocarpic and Polycarpic Plants

• Published on June 21, 2024 • 11 min readby Sourav Pan

What are Monocarpic Plants? Examples of Monocarpic Plants Here are some notable examples of monocarpic plants: What are Polycarpic Plants? Examples of Polycarpic Plants Here are some examples of polycarpic plants: Difference Between Monocarpic and Polycarpic Plants Examples: Additional Differences: Difference Chart Between Monocarpic and Polycarpic Plants Characteristic Monocarpic Plants Polycarpic Plants Flowering Produce flowers … Read more

Emulsion PCR – Principle, Procedure, Advantages, Limitations, Uses

• Published on June 20, 2024 • 12 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Emulsion PCR? Principle of Emulsion PCR Emulsion PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is a sophisticated technique designed to amplify individual DNA templates in a high-throughput manner by partitioning the DNA into tiny water-in-oil droplets. Each droplet serves as an independent microreactor, allowing for the separate amplification of distinct DNA fragments. This method leverages the … Read more

Omega-3 Fatty Acids – Types, Structure, Sources, Functions

• Last Updated June 21, 2024 • 0 revisions • 16 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Omega-3 Fatty Acid? Definition of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Omega-3 fatty acids are essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) characterized by a double bond three atoms away from the terminal methyl group in their chemical structure, crucial for human health, found in plants (as α-linolenic acid, ALA) and marine sources like algae and fish (as … Read more

History of Microbiology

• Last Updated May 4, 2025 • 0 revisions • 25 min readby Sourav Pan

The Emergence of Microbiology: Uncovering Microbes Microbiology, the study of microscopic living organisms, is a relatively recent scientific field that has significantly advanced our understanding of biology and disease. The foundation of microbiology can be traced back to the mid-19th century, during a period of considerable growth and development in the biological sciences. Key Developments … Read more