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Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.

Phylum Ctenophora – Characteristics, Classification, Examples, Evolutionary significance

24 min readby
Phylum Ctenophora - Characteristics, Classification, Examples

What is Phylum Ctenophora? Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Phylum Ctenophora Phylum Ctenophora, commonly referred to as comb jellies, encompasses a group of marine invertebrates known for their distinctive, jelly-like appearance and unique locomotive mechanisms. These creatures, often mistaken for jellyfish, play a significant role in marine ecosystems across the globe. Below is an exploration of … Read more

Protozoa – Definition, Classification, Characteristics, Structure, Locomotion, Examples

25 min readby
Protozoa Definition

What is Protozoa? Protozoa Definition Protozoa are a diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be either free-living or parasitic. They primarily feed on organic matter, including microorganisms and organic debris. Protozoa are characterized by their lack of a rigid cell wall, motility, and heterotrophic feeding habits. Examples include Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, and Trypanosoma. … Read more

Wuchereria bancrofti – Morphology, Life Cycle, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment

0 revisions 28 min readby
Lymphatic filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti

Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by three microscopic, thread-like worms, called Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. These worms infect the lymphatic system and cause Lymphatic filariasis. The adult worm can be found in the human lymph system, this system helps to maintain the body’s fluid balance and fights against infections.

Ancylostoma duodenale – Structure, Life Cycle, Habitat, Characteristics

0 revisions 22 min readby
Life cycle of Ascaris Lumbricoides

What is Ancylostoma duodenale? Characteristics of Ancylostoma duodenale Roundworms, belonging to the phylum Nematoda, encompass a diverse group of organisms with varied lifestyles. Among them, Ancylostoma duodenale stands out as a significant parasitic nematode, commonly known as the Old World hookworm. This species primarily infects the small intestine of its hosts, including humans, and is … Read more

Ascaris lumbricoides – Morphology, Life Cycle, Diagnosis, Treatments, Prophylaxis

0 revisions 45 min readby
Male Reproductive Organs

What is Ascaris lumbricoides? History and Distribution of Ascaris lumbricoides Ascaris lumbricoides has a long and complex history, having been recognized since ancient times. Its resemblance to the earthworm led to frequent confusion, contributing to its nomenclature. The specific name “lumbricoides” derives from the Latin word Lumbricus, meaning earthworm, highlighting this physical similarity. The following points … Read more

Taenia solium – Structure, Reproduction, Life Cycle, Characteristics

0 revisions 37 min readby
Development/Life Cycle of Taenia Solium

What is Taenia Solium? Classification of Taenia solium Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Cestoda Subclass Eucestoda Order Taenioidea Genus Taenia Species solium Habitat of Taenia Solium This parasitic organism occupies specific ecological niches, which facilitate its survival and proliferation. Structure of Taenia Solium The structure of Taenia solium, commonly known as the pork tapeworm, is intricate and specifically … Read more

Schistosoma haematobium – Life cycle, pathogenicity and prophylaxis

0 revisions 23 min readby
Life cycle of Schistosoma haematobium

What is Schistosoma haematobium? Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Trematoda Order: Diplostomida Family: Schistosomatidae Genus: Schistosoma Species: S. haematobium History and Distribution of Schistosoma haematobium Habitat Below are the key aspects of the habitat of S. haematobium: Hosts of Schistosoma haematobium Below are the key aspects regarding its hosts: Characteristics of Schistosoma haematobium Morphology of … Read more

Plasmodium vivax – Morphology, Life Cycle, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment

34 min readby
Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax

What is Plasmodium Vivax? Epidemiology of Plasmodium Vivax The epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax, a significant human malaria parasite, reveals crucial insights into its global distribution, risk factors, and unique characteristics. Understanding these aspects is essential for developing effective control strategies and mitigating the burden of this disease. In the United States, malaria remains a public … Read more

Leishmania donovani – Life cycle, Treatment, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention

23 min readby
Leishmania life cycle

What is Leishmania donovani? Classification of Leishmania Domain: Eukaryota Phylum: Euglenozoa Class: Kinetoplastid Order: Trypanosomatida Genus: Leishmania History and Distribution of Leishmania Donovani The history and distribution of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar, trace back over a century and reflect its significant public health impact globally. Understanding this history provides … Read more

Trypanosoma gambiense – Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis, Structure, Treatment

17 min readby
Life cycle of Trypanosoma gambiense

What is Trypanosoma gambiense? Classification Domain Eukaryota Phylum Euglenozoa Class Kinetoplastea Order Trypanosomatida Family Trypanosomatidae Genus Trypanosoma History and Distribution of Trypanosoma gambiense Trypanosoma gambiense, the parasite responsible for causing Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or African sleeping sickness, has been a health concern in tropical Africa for centuries. Its history and distribution provide valuable insight … Read more

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