Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.
Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Structure of Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Occurrence of Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Properties of Pyrimidines and Pyrimidine Nucleotides Biosynthesis of Pyrimidine Pyrimidine Nucleotide Examples Cytosine Thymine Uracil Purines and Purine Nucleotides Structure of Purines and Purine Nucleotides Occurrence of Purines and Purine Nucleotides Properties of Purines and Purine Nucleotides Purine Nucleotides … Read more
What is DNA? DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides stuck together (or simply deoxynucleotides). It is made up of deoxyadenylate (dAMP), deoxyguanylate (dGMP), deoxycytidylate (dCMP), and deoxythymidylate (dTMP) units (dTMP) (Some authors prefer to use TMP instead of deoxythymidylate because it is only found in DNA.) History of DNA The history of DNA begins with … Read more
Many individuals believe that in the 1950s, American biologist James Watson and English physicist Francis Crick discovered DNA. In actuality, this is not true. DNA was discovered by the Swiss chemist Friedrich Miescher in the late 1860s. Then, in the decades that followed Miescher’s discovery, other scientists, notably Phoebus Levene and Erwin Chargaff, conducted a … Read more
Hershey–Chase experiment Experiment DNA as Genetic Material Observation Conclusion Why is DNA Considered a Genetic Material? It was found that DNA was the most important part of most species’ genes. There were some important exceptions, such as viruses whose genes were made of RNA. But what makes DNA different from other molecules that can be … Read more
What is Nucleotide? Nucleotide Structure The structure of a nucleotide is simple, but the structure they can make when they come together is complicated. This molecule is made up of two strands that wrap around each other. Hydrogen bonds hold the structure together in the middle. Each nucleotide has a specific shape that makes this … Read more
What is DNA Recombination? The main thing that happens in recombination is the exchange of genetic information. Types of DNA Recombination Recombination is mainly of four types: There are two other kinds of recombination that are used in recombinant DNA technology. It is well known that restriction endonucleases and DNA ligases can cut and join … Read more
What is Transposition? Transposition is the process of shifting genetic sequences from one site in a genome to another. Types and Mechanisms of Transposition 1. Replicative Transposition Replicative transposition of DNA transposons The DNA transposon strand transfer process is described in the following section. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Replicative … Read more
Genetic code refers to the rules which the linear nucleotide sequence identifies what is the linear structure of the polypeptide. This means that they define what sequences of nucleotides in an mRNA transformed to the amino acid sequence in the polypeptide.
What is Ecological Succession? Ecological Succession Definition Ecological succession is the systematic and predictable process by which species composition in an ecosystem changes over time, progressing from initial colonization to a mature and stable community. Characteristics of Ecological Succession Ecological succession is a fundamental concept in the realm of ecology, delineating the sequential transformation of … Read more
What is Pyramid of Number? The Pyramid of Numbers is a graphical representation used in ecology to illustrate the distribution of various species in different trophic levels of a food chain. This pyramid provides a quantitative analysis, showing the number of individual organisms present at each trophic level. Unlike other ecological pyramids which might consider … Read more
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