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Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.

Arneth Count for Neutrophils – Principle, Procedure.

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Arneth Count for Neutrophils: Principle, Procedure and Clinical Significance

The Arneth Count determines the percentage distribution of various types of neutrophils based on their nuclear lobes. It isn’t used often in modern medicine. Joseph Arneth divided neutrophils into five types. Stage Nuclear lobes Diagram Normal Range Stage 1 (N1) Nucleus is unilobed.The nucleus is C or U shaped. 2-5% Stage 2 (N2) Nucleus is … Read more

Bacterial toxin: Definition, Types, Example.

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Bacterial toxin: Definition, Types, Example.

When a microorganism starts to synthesize toxin, they are called microbial toxins, such as bacteria and fungi. There are few bacteria that can produce the most potent natural toxins such as Botulinum neurotoxins. However, the bacterial toxin has some medical importance that is why they are used in medical science and research. What Is Toxin? … Read more

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