IGCSE Biology

Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to the exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products between the blood of the mother and the blood of the fetus

Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following in the development of the fetus: umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid

State that in early development, the zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the lining of the uterus

Compare male and female gametes in terms of: size, structure, motility and numbers

Explain the adaptive features of egg cells, limited to: energy stores and the jelly coat that changes at fertilisation

Explain the adaptive features of sperm, limited to: flagellum, mitochondria and enzymes in the acrosome

Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell)

Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following parts of the female reproductive system: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina

Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following parts of the male reproductive system: testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis

Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation (details of production of endosperm and development are not required)