Outline the process of vaccination: (a) weakened pathogens or their antigens are put into the body (b) the antigens stimulate an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies (c) memory cells are produced that give long-term immunity
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State that specific antibodies have complementary shapes which fit specific antigens
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Describe antibodies as proteins that bind to antigens leading to direct destruction of pathogens or marking of pathogens for destruction by phagocytes
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Describe active immunity as defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body
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Explain the importance of the following in controlling the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation (c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details of the stages of sewage treatment are not required)
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Describe the body defences, limited to: skin, hairs in the nose, mucus, stomach acid and white blood cells
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State that a pathogen is transmitted: (a) by direct contact, including through blood and other body fluids (b) indirectly, including from contaminated surfaces, food, animals and air
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Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh
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State the functions of: (a) lymphocytes – antibody production (b) phagocytes – engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis
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Identify lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographs and diagrams
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