Explain the importance of the following in controlling the spread of disease: (a) a clean water supply (b) hygienic food preparation (c) good personal hygiene (d) waste disposal (e) sewage treatment (details of the stages of sewage treatment are not required)
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Describe the body defences, limited to: skin, hairs in the nose, mucus, stomach acid and white blood cells
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State that a pathogen is transmitted: (a) by direct contact, including through blood and other body fluids (b) indirectly, including from contaminated surfaces, food, animals and air
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Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh
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State the functions of: (a) lymphocytes – antibody production (b) phagocytes – engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis
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Identify lymphocytes and phagocytes in photomicrographs and diagrams
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State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and the entry of pathogens
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State the functions of the following components of blood: (a) red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin (b) white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production (c) platelets in clotting (details are not required) (d) plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon dioxide
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Identify red and white blood cells in photomicrographs and diagrams
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List the components of blood as: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
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