Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei of gametes
Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei of gametes
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IGCSE Biology
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Describe sexual reproduction as a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
Describe sexual reproduction as a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
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Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction: (a) to a population of a species in the wild (b) to crop production
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction: (a) to a population of a species in the wild (b) to crop production
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Identify examples of asexual reproduction in diagrams, images and information provided
Identify examples of asexual reproduction in diagrams, images and information provided
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Describe asexual reproduction as a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
Describe asexual reproduction as a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
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Explain how using antibiotics only when essential can limit the development of resistant bacteria such as MRSA
Explain how using antibiotics only when essential can limit the development of resistant bacteria such as MRSA
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State that some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics which reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics
State that some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics which reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics
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Describe the use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections
Describe the use of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections
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Explain the role of auxin in controlling shoot growth, limited to: (a) auxin is made in the shoot tip (b) auxin diffuses through the plant from the shoot tip (c) auxin is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity (d) auxin stimulates cell elongation
Explain the role of auxin in controlling shoot growth, limited to: (a) auxin is made in the shoot tip (b) auxin diffuses through the plant from the shoot tip (c) auxin is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity (d) auxin stimulates cell elongation
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Explain phototropism and gravitropism of a shoot as examples of the chemical control of plant growth
Explain phototropism and gravitropism of a shoot as examples of the chemical control of plant growth
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Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying crops, including soya, maize and rice
Sourav
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Outline the process of genetic modification using bacterial production of a human protein as an example, limited to: (a) isolation of the DNA making up a human gene using restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends (b) cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends (c) insertion of human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid (d) insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacteria (specific details are not required) (e) multiplication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids (f) expression in bacteria of the human gene to make the human protein
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Outline examples of genetic modification: (a) the insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce human proteins (b) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to herbicides (c) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests (d) the insertion of genes into crop plants to improve nutritional qualities
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Describe genetic modification as changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes
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Describe and explain the conditions that need to be controlled in a fermenter, including: temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrient supply and waste products
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Describe how fermenters can be used for the large-scale production of useful products by bacteria and fungi, including insulin, penicillin and mycoprotein
