Describe the methods of transmission of HIV
Describe the methods of transmission of HIV
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IGCSE Biology
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State that HIV infection may lead to AIDS
State that HIV infection may lead to AIDS
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State that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pathogen that causes an STI
State that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pathogen that causes an STI
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Describe a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact
Describe a sexually transmitted infection (STI) as an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact
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Explain the role of hormones in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, limited to FSH, LH, progesterone and oestrogen
Explain the role of hormones in controlling the menstrual cycle and pregnancy, limited to FSH, LH, progesterone and oestrogen
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Describe the sites of production of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy
Describe the sites of production of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy
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Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus
Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus
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State that some pathogens and toxins can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus
State that some pathogens and toxins can pass across the placenta and affect the fetus
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Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to the exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products between the blood of the mother and the blood of the fetus
Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cord in relation to the exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products between the blood of the mother and the blood of the fetus
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Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following in the development of the fetus: umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid
Identify on diagrams and state the functions of the following in the development of the fetus: umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic sac and amniotic fluid
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Top Questions
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Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying crops, including soya, maize and rice
Sourav
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Outline the process of genetic modification using bacterial production of a human protein as an example, limited to: (a) isolation of the DNA making up a human gene using restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends (b) cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends (c) insertion of human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid (d) insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacteria (specific details are not required) (e) multiplication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids (f) expression in bacteria of the human gene to make the human protein
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Outline examples of genetic modification: (a) the insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce human proteins (b) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to herbicides (c) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests (d) the insertion of genes into crop plants to improve nutritional qualities
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Describe genetic modification as changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes
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Describe and explain the conditions that need to be controlled in a fermenter, including: temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrient supply and waste products
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Describe how fermenters can be used for the large-scale production of useful products by bacteria and fungi, including insulin, penicillin and mycoprotein
