State that chromosomes are made of DNA, which contains genetic information in the form of genes
State that chromosomes are made of DNA, which contains genetic information in the form of genes
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IGCSE Biology
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Explain the importance of excretion, limited to toxicity of urea
Explain the importance of excretion, limited to toxicity of urea
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Describe deamination as the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea
Describe deamination as the removal of the nitrogen-containing part of amino acids to form urea
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State that urea is formed in the liver from excess amino acids
State that urea is formed in the liver from excess amino acids
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Outline the structure and function of a nephron and its associated blood vessels, limited to: (a) the role of the glomerulus in the filtration from the blood of water, glucose, urea and ions (b) the role of the nephron in the reabsorption of all of the glucose, some of the ions and most of the water back into the blood (c) the formation of urine containing urea, excess water and excess ions (details of these processes are not required)
Outline the structure and function of a nephron and its associated blood vessels, limited to: (a) the role of the glomerulus in the filtration from the blood of water, glucose, urea and ions (b) the role of the nephron in the reabsorption of all of the glucose, some of the ions and most of the … Read more
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Identify in diagrams and images the structure of the kidney, limited to the cortex and medulla
Identify in diagrams and images the structure of the kidney, limited to the cortex and medulla
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Identify in diagrams and images the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
Identify in diagrams and images the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra
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State that the kidneys excrete urea and excess water and ions
State that the kidneys excrete urea and excess water and ions
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State that carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs
State that carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs
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Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled
Explain how the spread of STIs is controlled
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Top Questions
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Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modifying crops, including soya, maize and rice
Sourav
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Outline the process of genetic modification using bacterial production of a human protein as an example, limited to: (a) isolation of the DNA making up a human gene using restriction enzymes, forming sticky ends (b) cutting of bacterial plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzymes, forming complementary sticky ends (c) insertion of human DNA into bacterial plasmid DNA using DNA ligase to form a recombinant plasmid (d) insertion of recombinant plasmids into bacteria (specific details are not required) (e) multiplication of bacteria containing recombinant plasmids (f) expression in bacteria of the human gene to make the human protein
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Outline examples of genetic modification: (a) the insertion of human genes into bacteria to produce human proteins (b) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to herbicides (c) the insertion of genes into crop plants to confer resistance to insect pests (d) the insertion of genes into crop plants to improve nutritional qualities
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Describe genetic modification as changing the genetic material of an organism by removing, changing or inserting individual genes
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Describe and explain the conditions that need to be controlled in a fermenter, including: temperature, pH, oxygen, nutrient supply and waste products
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Describe how fermenters can be used for the large-scale production of useful products by bacteria and fungi, including insulin, penicillin and mycoprotein
