AS and A Level Biology

state the role of covalent bonds in joining smaller molecules together to form polymers

define the terms monomer, polymer, macromolecule, monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide

Describe and carry out a semi-quantitative Benedict’s test on a reducing sugar solution by standardising the test and using the results (time to first colour change or comparison to colour standards) to estimate the concentration

Describe and carry out a test to identify the presence of non-reducing sugars, using acid hydrolysis and Benedict’s solution

State that cells use ATP from respiration for energy-requiring processes

state that all viruses are non-cellular structures with a nucleic acid core (either DNA or RNA) and a capsid made of protein, and that some viruses have an outer envelope made of phospholipids

compare the structure of a prokaryotic cell as found in a typical bacterium with the structures of typical eukaryotic cells in plants and animals

outline key structural features of a prokaryotic cell as found in a typical bacterium, including: • unicellular • generally 1–5 µm diameter • peptidoglycan cell walls • circular DNA • 70S ribosomes • absence of organelles surrounded by double membranes

How to draw cells from microscope slides and photomicrographs

define resolution and magnification and explain the differences between these terms, with reference to light microscopy and electron microscopy