Outline the advantages of genetic screening, using the examples of breast cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2), Huntington’s disease and cystic fibrosis

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Explain the advantages of using recombinant human proteins to treat disease, using the examples insulin, factor VIII and adenosine deaminase

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Outline the benefits of using databases that provide information about nucleotide sequences of genes and genomes, and amino acid sequences of proteins and protein structures

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Outline how microarrays are used in the analysis of genomes and in detecting mRNA in studies of gene expression

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Describe and explain how gel electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments of different lengths

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Describe and explain the steps involved in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to clone and amplify DNA, including the role of Taq polymerase

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Explain that gene editing is a form of genetic engineering involving the insertion, deletion or replacement of DNA at specific sites in the genome

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Explain how gene expression may be confirmed by the use of marker genes coding for fluorescent products

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Explain why a promoter may have to be transferred into an organism as well as the desired gene

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Explain the roles of restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, plasmids, DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase in the transfer of a gene into an organism

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