AS and A Level Biology

Describe the distribution in the gas exchange system of cartilage, ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, squamous epithelium of alveoli, smooth muscle and capillaries

Explain the roles of the sinoatrial node, the atrioventricular node and the Purkyne tissue in the cardiac cycle (knowledge of nervous and hormonal control is not expected)

Explain the differences in the thickness of the walls of the: • atria and ventricles • left ventricle and right ventricle

Describe the Bohr shift and explain the importance of the Bohr shift

Explain the importance of the oxygen dissociation curve at partial pressures of oxygen in the lungs and in respiring tissues

Describe and explain the oxygen dissociation curve of adult haemoglobin

Describe the role of plasma in the transport of carbon dioxide

Describe the chloride shift and explain the importance of the chloride shift

Describe the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide with reference to the roles of: • haemoglobin • carbonic anhydrase • the formation of haemoglobinic acid • the formation of carbaminohaemoglobin

State the functions of tissue fluid and describe the formation of tissue fluid in a capillary network