Describe the sequence of events that occurs during a primary immune response with reference to the roles of: • macrophages • B-lymphocytes, including plasma cells • T-lymphocytes, limited to T-helper cells and T-killer cells
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Explain what is meant by an antigen and state the difference between self antigens and non-self antigens
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Discuss the biological, social and economic factors that need to be considered in the prevention and control of cholera, malaria, TB and HIV (details of the life cycle of the malarial parasite are not expected)
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Explain how cholera, malaria, TB and HIV are transmitted
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State that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and are transmissible
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Describe gas exchange between air in the alveoli and blood in the capillaries
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Describe the functions in the gas exchange system of cartilage, smooth muscle, elastic fibres and squamous epithelium
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Describe the functions of ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells and mucous glands in maintaining the health of the gas exchange system
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Recognise trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli in microscope slides, photomicrographs and electron micrographs and make plan diagrams of transverse sections of the walls of the trachea and bronchus
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Recognise cartilage, ciliated epithelium, goblet cells, squamous epithelium of alveoli, smooth muscle and capillaries in microscope slides, photomicrographs and electron micrographs
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