what is rhizosphere in microbiology

In microbiology, the rhizosphere refers to the soil zone directly influenced by root secretions and the microorganisms they attract or repel. It’s a hotspot for microbial activity, where diverse communities including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and protozoa interact with plant roots. These microbes can promote plant growth through nutrient solubilization, nitrogen fixation, production of growth hormones, and suppression of pathogens. It is considered a critical interface between plants and soil microbes, shaping both plant health and ecosystem functioning.