what happens in the rhizosphere

The rhizosphere is a site of intense biological activity. Root exudates stimulate microbial growth and biochemical reactions. Nutrient transformations (e.g., N, P, Fe cycling), organic matter decomposition, and microbial competition all occur here. Mutualistic interactions form (e.g., nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization), and defense signaling is activated. It’s a zone where plant roots and soil microbes co-evolve and interact dynamically.