New cells generate from (a) bacterial fermentation (c) pre-existing cells (b) regeneration of old cells (d) abiotic materials

New cells generate from pre-existing cells

• According to the cell theory articulated by Rudolf Virchow in 1855 (omnis cellula e cellula), all new cells arise through the division of existing cells within living organisms

• Processes such as bacterial fermentation, regeneration of old cells without division, or synthesis from abiotic materials do not produce truly new cells but involve modification or chemical transformation of existing cellular components