How do biosensors work?

Biosensors function through a two-step process: recognition and transduction. The recognition element, which can be an enzyme, antibody, or nucleic acid, selectively binds to the target analyte. This interaction induces a change that is captured by the transducer, converting the biological response into a measurable electrical signal. The signal is then amplified and processed to provide quantitative data about the analyte concentration, allowing for accurate detection and analysis.