How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through several mechanisms: 1. Mutation: Spontaneous genetic mutations can result in antibiotic resistance. 2. Gene transfer: Bacteria can acquire resistance genes from other bacteria via conjugation, transduction, or transformation. 3. Efflux pumps: Bacteria can pump out antibiotics before they can exert their effect. 4. Enzymatic degradation: Bacteria may produce enzymes (like beta-lactamases) that break down the antibiotic.