Find and write down structures of 10 interesting small molecular weight biomolecules. Find if there is any industry which manufactures the compounds by isolation. Find out who are the buyers.

Curcumin

• Structure: 1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione; C₂₁H₂₀O₆; two phenolic rings linked by a diketone-bearing heptadiene chain

• Isolation industry: Botanical-extract manufacturers (e.g., Arjuna Natural Extracts Ltd., Synthite Industries Ltd.) extract curcumin from turmeric rhizomes via solvent partitioning and chromatography

• Buyers: Dietary-supplement companies (Sabinsa Corp., OmniActive Health Technologies) and cosmetics firms for anti-inflammatory and coloring applications

Caffeine

• Structure: 1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine; C₈H₁₀N₄O₂; fused pyrimidinedione-imidazole core with three N-methyl groups

• Isolation industry: Food-ingredient suppliers isolate “natural caffeine” from coffee beans and tea leaves by water infusion, filtration, and crystallization (e.g., Pharm-Rx Chemical Corp.)

• Buyers: Beverage manufacturers (coffee and energy-drink brands), pharmaceutical companies (for apnea of prematurity), and nutraceutical producers

Quercetin

• Structure: 3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone; C₁₅H₁₀O₇; a flavonol backbone bearing five hydroxyl groups

• Isolation industry: Phytochemical extractors recover quercetin from onion skins, capers, and tea using acid-base extraction and resin-adsorption processes (e.g., Linus Pauling Institute partners)

• Buyers: Nutraceutical brands (supplements for antioxidant support), functional-food companies, and cosmetic formulators for UV-protective creams

Resveratrol

• Structure: 3,5,4′-Trihydroxy-trans-stilbene; C₁₄H₁₂O₃; two phenolic rings joined by an ethylene bridge

• Isolation industry: Specialty-chemicals firms (e.g., Evolva) extract resveratrol from Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) via ethanol extraction and purification

• Buyers: Nutraceutical companies (anti-aging supplements), cosmetics (anti-wrinkle serums), and beverage brands (functional wines)

Artemisinin

• Structure: (3R,5aS,6R,8aS,9R,12S,12aR)-3,6,9-Trimethyl-11-methoxy-10,12-endoperoxy-dodecahydro-3,12-epoxycyclo­penta[a]phenanthrene; C₁₅H₂₂O₅; sesquiterpene lactone with an endoperoxide bridge

• Isolation industry: Pharma-grade producers (e.g., Sanofi’s Artemisia cultivation and extraction facilities) isolate artemisinin from sweet wormwood leaves via hexane extraction and crystallization

• Buyers: Antimalarial drug manufacturers (Novartis, Cipla) for formulation into artemisinin-based combination therapies

Quinine

• Structure: (R)-(6′-Methoxycinchonan-9-yl)-(hydroxy)quinoline-4(1H)-one; C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂; quinoline alkaloid with a quinuclidine moiety

• Isolation industry: Alkaloid-extraction firms (e.g., Boehringer Ingelheim historically) isolate quinine from Cinchona bark via acid-base extraction and recrystallization

• Buyers: Pharmaceutical companies for antimalarial drugs and tonic-water manufacturers as flavoring agents

Capsaicin

• Structure: N-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide; C₁₈H₂₇NO₃; vanillylamide of an unsaturated fatty acid

• Isolation industry: Spice-extract companies (e.g., Synthite Industries) extract capsaicin from chili pepper oleoresin by solvent extraction and chromatographic fractionation

• Buyers: Pharmaceutical firms (topical pain-relief creams), pepper-spray manufacturers, and cosmetic brands for warming massage oils

Glutathione

• Structure: γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine; C₁₀H₁₇N₃O₆S; a tripeptide with a γ-peptide linkage

• Isolation industry: Biotech companies produce reduced glutathione by yeast fermentation and chromatographic purification (e.g., Kyowa Hakko)

• Buyers: Nutraceutical firms (antioxidant supplements), cosmetic companies (skin-brightening products), and parenteral-nutrition suppliers

Serotonin

• Structure: 5-Hydroxytryptamine; C₁₀H₁₂N₂O; indole-ethylamine with a hydroxyl on the 5-position of the ring

• Isolation industry: Neurochemical suppliers isolate serotonin from animal tissues via acid extraction and HPLC (e.g., Sigma-Aldrich)

• Buyers: Research-laboratory reagent suppliers and pharmaceutical R&D departments studying mood-regulation pathways

Melatonin

• Structure: N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine; C₁₃H₁₆N₂O₂; indole ring with a methoxy and an N-acetyl side chain

• Isolation industry: Specialty-chemical companies (e.g., TCI, Spectrum Chemical) isolate melatonin from plant or animal pineal extracts or via semi-synthesis from tryptophan

• Buyers: Sleep-aid supplement manufacturers, chronobiology research labs, and over-the-counter pharmaceutical brands