Describe the effects of non-biodegradable plastics, in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

The effects of non-biodegradable plastics on both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are significant and detrimental, impacting biodiversity, soil health, and water quality. Below is a comprehensive overview of these effects.

Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems

1. Ingestion and Toxicity: Aquatic organisms, including fish, birds, and marine mammals, often mistake plastic debris for food. Ingesting plastics can lead to physical blockages in their digestive systems, malnutrition, and even death. Additionally, many plastics contain harmful chemicals that can leach into the water or accumulate in the organisms’ tissues, posing health risks to both wildlife and humans who consume seafood.
2. Entanglement: Larger plastic items such as fishing nets (often referred to as “ghost nets”), six-pack rings, and plastic bags can entangle marine animals. This can cause injuries, restrict movement, lead to drowning (in species that need to surface for air), and ultimately result in death.
3. Eutrophication: Plastics can contribute to nutrient pollution in aquatic environments. When plastics break down, they can carry nutrients that promote algal blooms. These blooms deplete oxygen levels in the water as they decay, leading to hypoxic conditions that are harmful to aquatic life.
4. Microplastics: As larger plastics degrade into smaller particles (microplastics), they become pervasive in marine environments. Microplastics are ingested by small aquatic organisms and can bioaccumulate through the food chain, affecting larger predators and potentially entering human food systems.
5. Alteration of Ecosystem Dynamics: The presence of plastics can disrupt the natural behavior of marine species and alter habitat structures. For example, plastics can create new surfaces for microbial colonization (the “plastisphere”), which may introduce invasive species or pathogens into ecosystems.

Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems

1. Soil Quality Degradation: Non-biodegradable plastics can accumulate in soils, leading to changes in physical and chemical properties. They hinder water infiltration and air circulation within the soil, which can negatively affect plant growth by limiting access to water and nutrients.
2. Microplastic Contamination: Similar to aquatic environments, microplastics are prevalent in terrestrial ecosystems. They can disrupt soil organisms such as earthworms and beneficial microbes, which are crucial for nutrient cycling and soil health. This disruption can lead to reduced soil fertility and impaired plant growth.
3. Toxic Chemical Adsorption: Plastics can absorb harmful chemicals from the environment (e.g., pesticides, heavy metals) and release them into the soil or food chain when ingested by soil organisms or plants. This poses risks not only to local biodiversity but also to human health through contaminated crops.
4. Biodiversity Loss: The accumulation of plastics in terrestrial habitats can lead to reduced biodiversity as sensitive species struggle to survive in altered environments. The presence of plastics may also create barriers for animal movement and affect reproductive success in various species.
5. Long-Term Environmental Impact: The persistence of non-biodegradable plastics means that their impacts are long-lasting. Over time, they can accumulate in soils and waterways, leading to chronic exposure for wildlife and potential changes in ecosystem functions that may take decades or longer to recover from