Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors including: diet, lack of exercise, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and sex

Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. This condition primarily results from the buildup of plaque—composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, and other cellular debris—on the arterial walls, a process known as atherosclerosis. As plaque accumulates, it narrows the arteries, restricting blood flow. If a plaque ruptures, it can lead to the formation of a blood clot that may completely block the artery, resulting in a heart attack.

Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease

Several risk factors contribute to the development of coronary heart disease. These can be classified into modifiable and non-modifiable categories:

Modifiable Risk Factors

1. Diet: A diet high in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and sugars can lead to increased cholesterol levels and obesity, both of which are significant contributors to plaque buildup in the arteries.
2. Lack of Exercise: Sedentary lifestyles contribute to obesity and poor cardiovascular health. Regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight and improves overall heart function.
3. Stress: Chronic stress may damage arteries and worsen other risk factors such as high blood pressure and unhealthy eating habits.
4. Smoking: Tobacco use is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. Smoking damages the lining of blood vessels, increases blood clot formation, and raises heart rate and blood pressure.
5. Genetic Predisposition: Family history plays a role in the likelihood of developing CHD; individuals with a family history of heart disease are at greater risk.

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

1. Age: The risk of developing coronary heart disease increases with age due to cumulative damage to the arteries over tim.
2. Sex: Generally, men have a higher risk of developing coronary heart disease at a younger age compared to women. However, after menopause, women’s risk increases significantly, often surpassing that of men.
3. Other Health Conditions: Conditions such as high blood pressure (hypertension), high cholesterol levels, diabetes, and obesity are significant risk factors that can exacerbate the development of coronary artery disease