Both lysosomes and vacuoles are endomembrane structures, yet they differ in terms of their functions. Comment.

Both lysosomes and vacuoles are part of the endomembrane system and are membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells, as described in the NCERT Class 11 Biology textbook.

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) capable of breaking down all types of biomolecules including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.

• They function mainly in intracellular digestion, helping to break down worn-out organelles, engulfed pathogens, and cellular debris (autophagy and phagocytosis).

• Lysosomes are often referred to as the “suicidal bags” of the cell because they can release their enzymes and lead to cell destruction under certain conditions (autolysis).

• They play a key role in defense mechanisms of the cell and are especially abundant in animal cells.

Vacuoles, on the other hand, serve primarily as storage organelles.

• In plant cells, a large central vacuole stores water, salts, proteins, and waste products, and also helps maintain turgor pressure, which provides structural support.

• In animal cells, vacuoles are smaller and are involved in storage and transport of substances.

• Vacuoles may also contain enzymes for minor degradative functions but are not as enzymatically active as lysosomes.

Therefore, although both organelles are derived from the endomembrane system and are enclosed by membranes, lysosomes are mainly involved in degradation and digestion, whereas vacuoles are mainly involved in storage, maintenance of cell structure (especially in plants), and transport.