Page 179 – Biology Notes Online

Phagocytosis – Definition, Steps, and Example

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 36 min readby Editorial Team

Phagocytosis refers to the process in which cells consume large particles (>0.5 micrometers) and vesicle-bound membrane vesicles known as phagosomes. These vesicles are then directed to the lysosomes where they will be subjected to enzymatic degrading. Optonization of bacteria can greatly enhance phagocytosis. Although phagocytosis may occur without the attachment of an IgG or complement fragment (C3), it can be greatly enhanced by attaching a specific IgG.

Vaccines – Definition, Development, Mechanism, Types, Examples, Side Effects

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 38 min readby Editorial Team

What is Vaccine? Definition of Vaccines Vaccines are medical preparations that stimulate the immune system to provide protection against specific diseases by promoting the production of antibodies and immune memory. How do vaccines work in Immune System? Types of Vaccines Vaccines can be classified into three main groups based on their composition and mode of … Read more

Natural killer (NK) cells – Definition, Structure, Function, Mechanism

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 46 min readby Editorial Team

What are Natural Killer (NK) Cells? Definition of NK Cells NK cells, short for Natural Killer cells, are a type of lymphocyte that is part of the innate immune system. They have cytotoxic activity against virus-infected cells and stressed cells like tumor cells. NK cells can recognize and eliminate abnormal cells without the need for … Read more

Monoclonal Antibodies – Definition, Types, Production, Side Effect, Applications

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 29 min readby Editorial Team

What are Monoclonal Antibodies? Definition of Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies are artificial antibodies produced in a laboratory by fusing immune cells with cancer cells. They are highly specific in targeting and binding to specific antigens on cells, making them valuable tools in medical research and treatment of diseases, including cancer. Types of monoclonal antibodies based … Read more

Complement Components – Definition, Functional categories

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 19 min readby Editorial Team

What is Complement? Functional categories of Complement Components Complement components can be classified into seven functional categories: 1. Initiator complement components 2. Enzymatic mediators 3. Membrane-binding components or opsonins 4. Inflammatory mediators 5. Membrane attack proteins 6. Complement receptor proteins 7. Regulatory complement components FAQ

Lymphocytes – Definition, Development, Types and Functions

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 16 min readby Editorial Team

What are Lymphocytes? Lymphocytes are a specialized type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s adaptive response. They are the key mediators of both humoral and cellular immunity. Here are some important points about lymphocytes: Definition of Lymphocytes Lymphocytes are specialized white blood cells that are crucial for the … Read more

Which Factors affects Immunogenicity? – Factors affecting Immunogenicity

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 18 min readby Editorial Team

What is Immunogenicity? A. Properties of Immunogen 1. Foreignness 2. Molecular Size 3. Chemical Nature and Heterogeneity 4. Physical form 5. Susceptibility to antigen processing and presentation B. Biological System of Host FAQ

Indirect ELISA- Introduction, Steps, Advantages and Protocol

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 21 min readby Editorial Team

What is Indirect ELISA? Indirect ELISA Principle The principle of an indirect ELISA involves the use of two binding steps to detect and quantify specific antibodies in a sample. The first step involves the incubation of the primary antibody with the antigen of interest. The primary antibody specifically recognizes and binds to the target antigen, … Read more

Antibody – Structure, Types, Functions and Properties

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 37 min readby Editorial Team

Antibodies are not found in a specific location, but anytime our immune system encounters antigen or a disease, B cells are activated and antibodies are quickly released into the bloodstream. These immunoglobulins undergo mitosis, resulting in cell division, and manufacture antibodies continually as a result of the production of additional cells. These antibodies linger in … Read more

Different classes of Antibodies and Their Properties and Function

• Published on April 10, 2024 • 22 min readby Editorial Team

What are Antibodies? Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are Y-shaped proteins produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (B cells) in response to the presence of foreign substances known as antigens. Antibodies are an essential component of the immune system and play a crucial role in recognizing, binding to, and neutralizing antigens. … Read more