Diagnostic Techniques of Viruses – Molecular and Immunological Techniques
The most common cause for human disease is viral infections. Millions are still dying from viral infections, including hepatitis and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV).
Norwalk Virus (Norovirus) Symptoms, Transmission, Prevention, Treatment
Norovirus, an RNA-based virus belonging to the family Caliciviridae is an enteric pathogen that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in health medical and communities.
Bacteriophages – Definition, Morphology, Life cycle, Significance
Viruses that infect bacteria are known as phages or bacteriophages. Twort (19l5) described a degenerative alteration in staphylococcal colonies isolated from calf lymph that was transmissible serially via application of culture filtrates from the original growth. d’Herelle (1917) observed that the filtrates of dysentery patient faeces cultures produced transmissible lysis of a dysentery bacillus broth … Read more
Poxviruses – Definition, Classification, Morphology, Life cycle
What are Poxviruses? Classification of Poxviruses Based on whether they infect insect or vertebrate hosts, the family Poxviridae has been divided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae and Entomopoxvirinae. The subfamily Chordopoxvirinae encompasses viruses that infect vertebrate hosts and consists of eight genera, at least four of which cause human illness. These are the categories: The genera … Read more
One Step Growth Curve of Virus
The One Step Growth Curve was first described by Max Delbriick and Emory Ellis in 1939 and started modern bacteriophage research.
Viral Replication Cycle – Definition, Steps, Mechanisms
Viral replication is the process of forming of biological viruses in the course of the infection process within the host cells.
A virus has to go through the process of reproduction to generate new, infectious virions which are able to infect cells within the body and subsequent hosts.
Viral Pathogenesis Definition, Mechanisms, Factors
Pathogenesis refers to the process by which infection by viruses causes illness. Thus, it is a description of the mechanism by which initial infection triggers the development of disease.
Viral Entry Into The Host Body
Viral entry is the first phase of infection in the viral life cycle when the virus is in contact with the cell of its host and injects virus-related material into the cell.
Viral Spread and Organ Invasion of Virus
The local spread of the infection within the epithelium happens when the virus is released and infects adjacent cells. The infections are typically controlled by the physical limitations of the tissue, and are managed by the inherent immune and innate defenses.
What is Viral Immunology?
Viruses are extremely immunegenic and cause two kinds of immune responses: the humoral and the cellular.
The range of specificities of B and T cells is derived from changes in the somatic genome and rearrangements.
T B cells and T typically recognise the exact epitopes within the exact virus. B cells recognize the free proteins unaltered in their original 3-D configuration while T cells typically view Ag in a denatured form. Ag in a denatured state together in conjunction with MHC molecules.
The features of an immune reaction for the exact virus can be different for different individuals based on their genetic makeup.
It is responsible for preventing infection by this virus (neutralization).
The IgG and IgM class are particularly relevant. IgM as well as the IgG class are especially important to protect against viral infections, which are often accompanied by viraemia. The antibodies from IgA class are particularly relevant for defense against viraemia. IgA class are essential for infections contracted through the mucosa. (the nose and the intestinal tract)
However, the immune system kills the infected cells that express viruses’ proteins onto their surface including glycoproteins that envelope viruses have and occasionally the essential proteins of these viruses.