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Difference between exotoxins and endotoxins – exotoxins vs endotoxins

Published on May 21, 2024 6 min readby BNO Team

Exotoxin is a toxins produced by bacteria. Exotoxins can cause damage to the host by damaging cells or disrupting normal cell metabolism. They are extremely powerful and could cause significant harm on the human host. Exotoxins can be released, or, as with endotoxins, they can be released when cells. Gram negative pathogens can release outer membrane vesicles with lipopolysaccharide endotoxin, as well as some viral proteins within the bounding membrane as well as other toxins in the intra-vesicular content and thus add an unimagined dimension to the widely-known membrane vesicle transport, which is extremely active in the interface between host and pathogen.

Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis – Mitosis vs Meiosis

Published on May 21, 2024 9 min readby BNO Team

In cell biology, the process of mitosis is a phase of the cell cycle , in which duplicated chromosomes are divided into two nuclei. Cell division creates cells that are genetically identical, in which the number of chromosomes are maintained. Thus, mitosis is called equational division. In general the case of mitosis, it begins with S stage of interphase (during the time that DNA replication occurs) and is usually followed by cytokinesis and telophase that divides the organelles, cytoplasm and cell membrane of a cell into two cells that contain roughly equal amounts of the cellular components. Different stages of mitosis together are the basis for what is known as the Mitotic (M) period of the animal cell cycle, which is the split of the cell’s mother into daughter cells that are genetically identical to one another.

Differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Published on May 21, 2024 5 min readby BNO Team

A single-celled organism without nucleus and other organelles with membranes. Prokaryotes are derived in the Greek pro (pro”pre” – meaning “before”) and the word karuon (karyon, meaning ‘nut’ or “kernel”). In the two-empire model that resulted in the works of Edouard Chatton, prokaryotes were classified as part of the Empire of Prokaryota. However, in the three-domain system that is based on molecular analysis, prokaryotes are divided into two domains: Bacteria (formerly Eubacteria) and Archaea (formerly Archaebacteria). Organisms with nuclei are put in the third domain, Eukaryota. When studying the evolutionary origins of life prokaryotes are believed to have ascended before Eukaryotes.

Differences Between Actin and Myosin – Actin vs Myosin

Published on May 21, 2024 6 min readby BNO Team

Actin is one of the globular proteins. They’re among the top proteins within the majority of eukaryotic cells. They assist in providing structure, shape and flexibility to the body.

Differences between Pneumococcus and Viridans streptococci

Published on May 21, 2024 4 min readby BNO Team

Viridans streptococci comprise a vast collection of Gram-positive commensal streptococcal bacteria that are hemolytic and produce a green hue on blood plates (hence the name “viridans”, from Latin “viridis”, green). The pseudo-taxonomic name “Streptococcus viridans” is often used to describe this species group, however, those who don’t prefer using the term “pseudotaxonomic” (which refers to a group of species as though they comprised one species) prefer to use the terms viridans streptococci, viridans streptococci group (VGS) or the viridans species of streptococcal. They do not possess Lancefield antigens. In general, the risk of pathogenicity is very low.

Differences Between Type I Error and Type II Error

Published on May 21, 2024 8 min readby BNO Team

Type 1 error in tests of statistical hypotheses, refers to the mistake that is caused by refusing to accept a null hypothesis even though it’s true. Type 1 errors occur when a hypothesis that ought to be accepted was rejected. Type I errors are identified by an (alpha) also known as an error. It is also known as the significance level that the tests. This type of error can be described as a false negative error in which it is impossible to prove the hypothesis due to an error in the test.

Difference between O antigen and H antigen – O vs H antigen

Published on May 21, 2024 4 min readby BNO Team

O antigen and H antigen are different in that O is the bacteria’s outermost layer, while H is the flagella’s threadlike structure.

Differences between Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum

Published on May 21, 2024 6 min readby BNO Team

Plasmodium viridax, a protozoal parasite, is a human pathogen. This parasite is the most common and widespread cause of recurring malaria. P. viridax malaria can cause severe illness and death. It is more virulent than Plasmodium falciparum (the most deadly of the five human malaria parasites), but it can be fatal. P. viritax is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. The males don’t bite.

Differences between Anthrax bacilli and Anthracoid bacilli

Published on May 21, 2024 4 min readby BNO Team

Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, causes anthrax. This is a deadly disease that can infect livestock and humans. It is the only permanent (obligated) pathogen in the genus Bacillus. Because it can be transmitted from animals to people, its infection is called zoonosis. Robert Koch, a German physician, discovered it in 1876. It became the first pathogen to be experimentally demonstrated. It was also the first scientific proof for germ theory.

Difference between enzymes and hormones – enzymes vs hormones

Published on May 21, 2024 8 min readby BNO Team

Enzymes (or enzymes) are proteins that act like biological catalysts (biocatalysts). Catalysts speed up chemical reactions. Substrates are molecules on which enzymes can act. The enzyme then converts these substrates into other molecules called products. Enzyme catalysis is required for almost all metabolic processes within the cell to occur at sufficient rates to sustain life. 8.1 Metabolic pathways are dependent on enzymes to catalyze individual processes. Enzymology is the study of enzymes. The pseudoenzyme analysis field recognizes that some enzymes lost their ability to catalyze biological reactions during evolution. This is often evident in their amino acid sequences or unusual ‘pseudocatalytical’ properties.