Sourav Pan

Academic Writer, Microbiology Specialist | M.Sc. Microbiology, Calcutta University, Founder of Biologynotesonline.com

Sourav is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Master’s degree in Microbiology from Calcutta University and has over 5 years of experience in academic writing, life science content creation. His content reflects hands-on lab expertise, deep subject knowledge, and a strong passion for simplifying biology for students. Whether it’s genetics, microscopy, or metabolic pathways — Sourav explains it in a way that’s accurate, exam-focused, and easy to remember. He regularly updates and fact-checks all the material published on this site, ensuring students get trustworthy and updated biology notes with references to real scientific sources.

Abiotic Stress (Stress Biology) – Definition, Environmental factors, sensing mechanisms,

• Published on October 12, 2024 • 20 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Plant Stress? Acclimation and Adaptation Acclimation and adaptation are fundamental concepts in plant biology that describe how individual plants and entire populations respond to environmental stressors. These responses play crucial roles in enhancing survival and reproduction, allowing plants to thrive in challenging conditions. Environmental Factors and Their Associates Biological Impacts on Plants Environmental … Read more

Study legumes through specimens and micro chemical test

• Published on October 12, 2024 • 12 min readby Sourav Pan

Materials required The study of legumes, particularly in understanding their biochemical composition and properties, requires specific materials to conduct experiments effectively. The following items are essential for analyzing legumes such as Glycine max (soybean) and Cicer arietinum (gram). Each material plays a critical role in the experimental process, ensuring accurate results and insights into the … Read more

Study of Cereals Through Specimens And Micro chemical Test

• Published on October 12, 2024 • 13 min readby Sourav Pan

Materials Required The study of cereals, particularly wheat and rice, necessitates a range of materials to facilitate effective specimen analysis and testing. Below is a comprehensive list of materials essential for this investigation, each serving a specific function in the experimental process. Procedure The following procedure outlines the steps required to study the herbarium specimens … Read more

Germplasm conservation Methods

• Published on October 12, 2024 • 17 min readby Sourav Pan

Methods of Germplasm Storage and Conservation

What is Germplasm conservation? History of Germplasm Conservation Germplasm conservation has evolved through significant scientific and international efforts to safeguard the genetic diversity of crop plants. Below is a detailed historical account highlighting key milestones: Methods of Germplasm Storage and Conservation There are two methods for Germplasm Storage and Conservation A. Ex Situ Conservation Ex … Read more

Micropropagation – Definition, Application, Advantages, Disadvantages

• Published on October 11, 2024 • 12 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Micropropagation? Micropropagation Definition Micropropagation is a method of rapidly multiplying plants by growing plant tissues, typically from the apical meristem, in sterile, controlled conditions to produce genetically identical clones. It is used for large-scale plant production, crop improvement, and maintaining genetic uniformity. Stages of Micropropagation – Steps of Micropropagation Micropropagation is a technique used … Read more

Applications of Plant Biotechnology

• Published on October 11, 2024 • 29 min readby Sourav Pan

Genetically engineered crops Genetically engineered crops have emerged as a transformative component of modern agriculture, driven by advances in plant biotechnology. This innovative field enables the transfer of specific genes from various organisms into plants, leading to the development of crops with enhanced traits. The process of genetic engineering offers solutions to many agricultural challenges, … Read more

Transgenics in Crop Improvement – Insect, Viral, Disease, Abiotic Stresses resistance

• Published on October 11, 2024 • 21 min readby Sourav Pan

Resistance of transgenic crops to biotic stresses Resistance to biotic stresses has been discussed under the following headings. Insect resistance of transgenics crops The development of transgenic crops with insect resistance represents a significant advancement in agricultural biotechnology. By incorporating specific insect control genes, particularly those derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), researchers have successfully engineered … Read more

BT Cotton – Definition, Features, Development, Advantages, Limitations

• Published on October 11, 2024 • 19 min readby Sourav Pan

What is BT Cotton? What is BT? Bt, short for Bacillus thuringiensis, is a widely recognized soil bacterium known for its insecticidal properties. This gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium produces unique parasporal crystals during its stationary growth phase, which play a crucial role in pest management. Features of Bt Cotton The following points highlight the key … Read more

Bt Crops – Definition, Types, Advantages, Limitations

• Published on October 11, 2024 • 23 min readby Sourav Pan

What are Bt Crops? Definition of Bt Crops Bt crops, or Bacillus thuringiensis crops, are genetically modified plants that incorporate genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. These crops produce specific proteins (Cry proteins) that are toxic to certain insect pests, providing built-in protection against infestations. Common examples include cotton, corn, and brinjal. Bt crops reduce … Read more

Applications of Biotechnology

• Published on October 11, 2024 • 9 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology is a broad field that involves the use of living organisms, cells, and biological systems to develop products and technologies that improve human life and the environment. It integrates knowledge from various scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry, genetics, and engineering, to manipulate biological materials for specific applications. Here are some key … Read more