BNO Team 
5 min read 
Dr. K. Ikeda, a Japanese scientist, extracted glutamic acid from kelp, a marine alga, by means of acid hydrolysis and separation in 1908. In addition, he observed that when glutamic acid was neutralised with caustic soda, it acquired a totally new, exquisite flavour. This marked the beginning of using monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a flavour … Read more
10 min read 
What is Vitamin B12? Microorganisms used for B12 Productions Streptomyces griseus, S. olivaceus, Bacillus megaterium, B. coagulans, Pseudomonas denitrificans, Propionibacterium freudenreichi, P. shermani, and a mixed fermentation of a Proteus spp. and a Pseudomonas spp. may be used in the industrial manufacture of vitamin B12. Typically, Vitamin By is produced via the submerged-culture method. The … Read more
14 min read 
Health Benefits of Beer Beer provides numerous health benefits when drank in moderation. Among these fascinating health advantages are the following: 1. Anti-cancer properties 2. Reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases 3. Diabetes 4. Prevention of anemia 5. Hypertension 6. Anti-aging properties 7. Gallstones 8. Prevention of dementia and coronary disease 9. Aids digestive system 10. … Read more
6 min read 
Gluconic Acid is the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid. It is an inorganic chemical. It occurs naturally in honey, plants, and wine. The first carbon of glucose is oxidised to form gluconic acid, which has antibacterial and chelating effects. Please include the chemical composition and further details. Properties Of Gluconic Acid Chemical formula C6H12O7 Molecular … Read more
12 min read 
What is Acetic Acid? Properties of Acetic acid-CH3COOH CH3COOH Acetic Acid Molecular weight/molar mass of CH3COOH 60.052 g/mol Density of Acetamide 1.05 g/cm³ Boiling Point of Acetamide 118 °C Melting Point of Acetamide 16.6 °C Structure of Acetic acid Ethanoic acid is the second-simplest carboxylic acid structurally (the simplest being formic acid, HCOOH), and is … Read more
19 min read 
What is Ethanol? What is Ethanol (Alcohol) Fermentation? Ethanol Formula The molecular formula for ethanol is C2H6O, which indicates that it contains two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. The hydroxyl group (-OH) at the end of the two-carbon chain is denoted by the structural formula for ethanol, C2H5OH. Properties of Ethanol Ethanol, commonly known … Read more
10 min read 
In 1929, Alexander Flemming found that the mould Penicillium notatum secreted penicillin. However, the lytic agent appeared to be too unstable to be useful. In 1939, however, when Chain refined the active ingredient, termed penicillin, it proved to be extraordinarily powerful against some illnesses. Penicillin is not a single chemical entity, but rather a series … Read more
12 min read 
Enzyme Immobilization Soluble Enzyme + Substrate———– Product (single time usage of enzyme) Immobilized Enzyme + Substrate———Product (Repeated usage of enzyme) A number of essential considerations must be made when immobilising an enzyme. What is a Support Matrix? It is a substance that facilitates the entrapment of an enzyme. For effective immobilization, a support matrix must … Read more
22 min read 
What is Downstream processing? Downstream processing refers to the procedures required to recover and purify fermentation-produced products. In the step of downstream processing, particles, mostly cells, are separated from the liquid using filtration, centrifugation, and flocculation. Steps Of Downstream Processing Five stages in downstream processing after Fermentation: Stage 1: Solid-Liquid Separation 1. Flotation 2. Flocculation … Read more
22 min read 
What is Citric Acid? Properties of Citric Acid – C6H8O7 C6H8O7 Citric Acid Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass 192.124 g/mol Density 1.66 g/cm³ Boiling Point 310 °C Melting Point 153 °C Citric Acid structure – C6H8O7 Which Microorganism is used for Citric Acid Production? Numerous microorganisms are utilised in the production of citric acid. There are … Read more