BNO Team 
22 min read 
In the wake of the COVID-19 outbreak this pandemic has raised questions regarding the effectiveness of the body’s capability to fight off illnesses. Naturally the body fights diseases by activating its immune response that trigger a series of mechanisms within the body to remove the pathogen from the body.
36 min read 
Food spoilage is the result of a metabolic process which causes food products to become unpalatable or inedible for human consumption because of changes in the sensory attributes.
15 min read 
Chemical reactions that produce sensual changes that are offensive in food are controlled by a wide range of microbes that utilize food as a source of carbon and energy source. The organisms that cause these changes comprise prokaryotes (bacteria) as well as single-celled organisms that lack defined nuclei and organelles, as well as eukaryotes unicellulated (yeasts) as well as multicellular (molds) organisms that possess organelles and nuclei.
37 min read 
Pasteurisation was developed by an French Scientist known as Louis Pasteur during the nineteenth century. Pasteur realized that warming milk up to a high temperature , then cooling it quickly prior to packaging or bottling could preserve it for a longer time.
15 min read 
What is Anabolism? Anabolism Definition Anabolism is the metabolic process in which simpler molecules are synthesized into more complex ones, requiring energy input. Examples of Anabolic Reactions 1. Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis exemplifies an anabolic reaction quintessential to autotrophic organisms. Within the chloroplasts of plants, a sequence of biochemical transformations ensues, culminating in the conversion of carbon … Read more
13 min read 
What are unicellular organisms? Examples of Unicellular Organisms Unicellular organisms are remarkable entities that carry out all life processes within a single cell. These organisms can be found in various environments, from freshwater to marine habitats, and even in extreme conditions. Their simplicity, in terms of cellular structure, is contrasted by the diverse roles they … Read more
12 min read 
What is Lytic Cycle? The lytic cycle is a fundamental process in the life cycle of certain viruses, particularly bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. This cycle is characterized by the following sequential events: The term “lytic” is derived from “lysis,” referring to the rupture and death of the host cell. This cycle contrasts … Read more
12 min read 
What is Facilitated Diffusion? Facilitated diffusion is a specialized mechanism of passive transport across biological membranes. Unlike simple diffusion, which allows molecules to move freely based on their concentration gradients, facilitated diffusion employs specific transmembrane proteins to assist in the transport of molecules or ions. This process is spontaneous and does not necessitate direct energy … Read more
18 min read 
What is Colorimeter? A colorimeter is a sophisticated scientific instrument dedicated to the domain of colorimetry, the science of measuring the absorbance and transmittance characteristics of light as it propagates through a liquid medium. The underlying principle governing its operation is the renowned Beer-Lambert’s law, which correlates the light absorbed or transmitted by a sample … Read more
12 min read 
What is a Spectrometer? Types of Spectrometers Spectrometers, pivotal instruments in the realm of scientific research, are designed to detect and analyze various properties of substances. These devices are categorized based on their specific functionalities and the type of measurements they are engineered to perform. Herein, we delve into the primary types of spectrometers and … Read more