BNO Team 
11 min read 
What is a Chocolate? Contamination source of chocolate The delightful world of chocolate, while enchanting, is not immune to potential sources of contamination. Several factors can contribute to the presence of contaminants in chocolate, compromising its quality and safety. Let’s delve into some of the key sources of contamination associated with this beloved treat. In … Read more
9 min read 
What are Confectionaries? Contamination source of confectionaries When it comes to the production of confectionaries, it is crucial to be aware of potential sources of contamination that may compromise the quality and safety of these delightful treats. Several factors can contribute to the contamination of confectionaries, ranging from the raw ingredients used to the equipment … Read more
34 min read 
Microbial spoilage of beverages poses a significant challenge in the beverage industry, as it can lead to the degradation of taste, quality, and safety of the products. Beverages, apart from water, encompass a wide range of drinkable liquids, including hot drinks, milk drinks, soft drinks, and alcoholic beverages. These beverages can be further classified into … Read more
25 min read 
Contamination of Eggs Eggs, in their natural state, are typically sterile. However, contamination can occur after they are laid due to a variety of reasons. It is essential to understand these potential sources of contamination in order to minimize the risk of egg spoilage. The following factors contribute to the contamination and subsequent spoilage of … Read more
46 min read 
Contamination of Meats and Meat Products – Contamination source and causes Meat spoilage can occur through natural processes as well as microbial contamination. Let’s explore the factors responsible for microbial contamination and the events that take place during the rigor mortis phase after animal slaughter: These events and factors emphasize the importance of proper hygiene … Read more
30 min read 
Characteristics of Clostridium perfringens Factors Contributing to C. perfringens Type A Foodborne Disease Source of contamination of Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens enterotoxins Epidemiology of Clostridium perfringens food poisoning Synthesis and Release of CPE Effects of CPE on the GI Tract Pathogenesis of C. perfringens Food Poisoning Source of Enterotoxigenic C. perfringens Strains in Food Clinical Features of Clostridium perfringens … Read more
29 min read 
What is irradiation in food? Food irradiation definition Food irradiation refers to the process of exposing food and its packaging to ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, x-rays, or electron beams. This method is used to improve food safety and extend the shelf life of products by effectively destroying microorganisms responsible for spoilage and foodborne … Read more
27 min read 
What is High-Pressure Processing (HPP)? When was High Pressure Processing invented? High Pressure Processing (HPP) was invented in June 1899 by Bert Holmes Hite, a researcher from the University of West Virginia. Hite demonstrated the inactivation of microorganisms using high hydrostatic pressure, marking the first documented use of pressure as a food preservation method. Following … Read more
26 min read 
Canning is a highly regarded method for packaging food, ensuring its long-term storage and preservation. Typically, food is packed into metal containers and subjected to appropriate heat treatments, the specifics of which vary depending on the type of food being canned. While the incidence of food spoilage in cans is generally low, there is always … Read more
24 min read 
Causes of Canned Foods Spoilage Appearance of The Unopened Container Types of Biological Spoilage of Canned Foods Typically, types of microorganism-induced spoiling of canned foods are separated into those caused by thermophilic bacteria and those caused by mesophilic microorganisms. Other approaches for categorising types of food spoilage are based on the types of changes that … Read more