What is adaptation? Adaptation is the process by which organisms adjust to survive and reproduce in their specific environment. Adaptations develop over many generations through natural selection. Individuals with beneficial traits survive and reproduce more, causing these traits to become more common in the population. Let’s see how this works in a population. Initially, few … Read more
What are Non-Communicable Diseases, or NCDs? Non-communicable diseases are medical conditions that cannot be transmitted from person to person. Unlike infectious diseases such as the flu or COVID-19, NCDs cannot spread through direct contact. NCDs are typically chronic in nature, meaning they last for long periods of time and progress gradually. These diseases result from … Read more
DNA extraction and preparation is the crucial first step in the Southern Blotting technique. This process begins with extracting high-quality DNA from biological samples such as blood, tissue, or cultured cells. The extraction process involves several critical steps to isolate DNA while preventing degradation. First, cells are lysed to release their contents. Then proteins, lipids, … Read more
Welcome to our exploration of the skin microbiome. The skin microbiome is defined as a stable community of microorganisms living on human body surfaces without causing harm under normal conditions. These microbes include bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that have evolved to live in harmony with humans. To understand the skin microbiome, let’s look at … Read more
What are communicable diseases? Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by infectious agents that can spread from person to person. These infectious agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. These diseases can spread through various transmission methods, including direct contact, respiratory routes, and waterborne transmission. Disease transmission involves four key components. First, there must be a … Read more
Introduction to Chlamydomonas, a fascinating genus of unicellular green algae. These single-celled organisms are found in various environments. They thrive in freshwater ponds and lakes, moist soil environments, and even on damp tree bark. Chlamydomonas has two distinctive features that make it remarkable. First, Chlamydomonas cells have two flagella, which are whip-like structures used for … Read more
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation was developed through the work of two scientists in the early 20th century. Lawrence Joseph Henderson first formulated the mathematical relationship in 1908, studying how acid-base balance is maintained in biological systems. A year later in 1909, Karl Albert Hasselbalch expressed Henderson’s work in a logarithmic form, creating what we now know … Read more
HACCP stands for Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points. HACCP is a systematic, preventive approach to food safety that identifies, evaluates, and controls hazards throughout the food production process. It addresses three types of hazards: biological hazards like bacteria and viruses, chemical hazards like cleaners and pesticides, and physical hazards such as glass or metal fragments. … Read more
The human microbiome is the collection of trillions of microorganisms living on and inside the human body. The microbiome includes various types of microorganisms. Bacteria are the most numerous, but fungi, viruses, and other microbes also play important roles. These microorganisms are mostly beneficial and essential for human health. They aid in digestion and nutrient … Read more
Gerhardt’s test is a diagnostic method used to detect acetoacetic acid, a ketone body, in urine samples. The test works through a chemical reaction between ferric chloride solution and acetoacetic acid, producing a distinctive burgundy or red-colored complex. Let’s visualize the chemical reaction that occurs during Gerhardt’s test. The procedure involves adding 10% ferric chloride … Read more
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