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Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is a condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to the buildup of plaque, which consists of fats, cholesterol, and other substances. This process, known as atherosclerosis, reduces blood flow to the heart muscle, potentially leading to serious complications such as heart attacks.
Symptoms
The symptoms of CHD can vary significantly among individuals. Common symptoms include:
- Chest pain (angina): Often described as a feeling of pressure, squeezing, or heaviness in the chest. It may also radiate to the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
- Shortness of breath: This may occur during physical exertion or at rest.
- Fatigue: Unusual tiredness can be a sign that the heart is not pumping effectively.
- Other symptoms: These can include dizziness, nausea, and fainting spells.
Causes
The primary cause of CHD is atherosclerosis, where fatty deposits accumulate in the artery walls over time. Factors contributing to this condition include:
- Lifestyle choices: Smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Medical conditions: High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, diabetes, and obesity.
- Genetic factors: Family history of heart disease can increase risk.
Diagnosis
To diagnose CHD, healthcare providers typically conduct a thorough evaluation that includes:
- Medical history assessment: Discussion of symptoms and family history.
- Physical examination: May include checking blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Diagnostic tests: Such as electrocardiograms (ECG), echocardiograms, stress tests, and coronary angiograms to visualize blood flow in the coronary arteries.
Treatment
While there is no cure for CHD, several treatment options can help manage symptoms and reduce the risk of complications:
- Lifestyle modifications: Encouraging a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, quitting smoking, and managing stress.
- Medications: Such as statins to lower cholesterol levels or antiplatelet agents to prevent blood clots.
- Surgical interventions: Procedures like angioplasty (to open narrowed arteries) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) may be necessary for severe cases.
Prevention
Preventive measures are crucial in reducing the risk of developing CHD. These include:
- Maintaining a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
- Engaging in regular physical activity.
- Monitoring and controlling blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Avoiding tobacco products and limiting alcohol intake
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