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After glycolysis, the fate of pyruvate depends on the availability of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and converted into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted into lactate (in animals) or ethanol and CO2 (in yeast) through fermentation, regenerating NAD+ for continued glycolysis.
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