State that specialised cells have specific functions, limited to: (a) ciliated cells – movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi (b) root hair cells – absorption (c) palisade mesophyll cells – photosynthesis (d) neurones – conduction of electrical impulses (e) red blood cells – transport of oxygen (f) sperm and egg cells (gametes) – reproduction

Specialized cells have specific functions that are crucial for the overall functioning of an organism. Here are examples of specialized cells and their respective functions:

Specialized Cells and Their Functions

1. Ciliated Cells:
   • Function: Ciliated cells are primarily found in the trachea and bronchi. Their main role is to move mucus, which traps dust and pathogens, upwards towards the throat. This movement helps keep the airways clear and protects the respiratory system from infection.
   • Structure: These cells are equipped with hair-like structures called cilia that beat in a coordinated manner to propel mucus.
2. Root Hair Cells:
   • Function: Root hair cells are specialized for the absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil. They play a critical role in ensuring that plants receive the necessary nutrients for growth.
   • Structure: These cells have long, thin extensions (root hairs) that increase surface area, enhancing absorption efficiency. They also contain many mitochondria to provide energy for active transport of minerals.
3. Palisade Mesophyll Cells:
   • Function: Palisade mesophyll cells are primarily involved in photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
   • Structure: These cells are elongated and packed with chloroplasts, maximizing light absorption. Their arrangement allows for efficient gas exchange and light capture.
4. Neurones (Nerve Cells):
   • Function: Neurones are specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses throughout the nervous system, facilitating communication between different parts of the body.
   • Structure: They have a unique structure with long axons that transmit signals over distances and dendrites that receive signals from other neurones.
5. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):
   • Function: Red blood cells are specialized for the transport of oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs.
   • Structure: They have a biconcave shape that increases surface area for gas exchange and lack a nucleus, allowing more space for hemoglobin, the protein that binds oxygen.
6. Sperm and Egg Cells (Gametes):
   • Function: Sperm and egg cells are specialized for reproduction, combining genetic material during fertilization to form a new organism.
   • Structure: Sperm cells are motile, with a flagellum for movement, while egg cells contain nutrients to support early development after fertilization.