Describe the methods of transmission of HIV

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is transmitted through several key methods, primarily involving direct contact with certain body fluids. Here’s a detailed overview of the methods of transmission of HIV:

1. Sexual Contact

• Vaginal and Anal Sex: The most common route of HIV transmission is through unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse with an infected partner. The virus can enter the body through mucous membranes found in the vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth during sexual activity. Anal sex is particularly risky due to the thin lining of the rectum, which can allow easier entry of the virus.
• Oral Sex: While the risk of transmission through oral sex is lower compared to vaginal or anal sex, it can still occur, especially if there are open sores or bleeding gums present in either partner.

2. Blood Exposure

• Blood Contamination: HIV can be transmitted through direct contact with infected blood. This can occur in situations such as sharing needles or syringes among intravenous drug users.
• Blood Transfusions: Although rare today due to rigorous screening processes, there is still a potential risk of acquiring HIV from transfusions of contaminated blood products.

3. Needle Sharing

• Injection Drug Use: Sharing needles, syringes, or other drug paraphernalia with someone who is HIV-positive poses a significant risk for transmission. This includes not only illicit drugs but also hormone injections and other medical uses where needles are shared.

4. Mother-to-Child Transmission

• Perinatal Transmission: HIV can be transmitted from an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding. Without appropriate medical intervention, the risk of transmitting HIV during childbirth and breastfeeding is significant.

5. Rare Transmission Methods

• Other Means: In very rare cases, HIV has been transmitted through deep open-mouth kissing (if both partners have open sores), biting (if blood is exchanged), and pre-chewed food (when blood from a caregiver mixes with food before feeding an infant). However, these methods are not common.

6. Non-Transmission Methods

It’s important to note that HIV cannot be transmitted through casual contact such as:

• Saliva, tears, or sweat (unless mixed with blood).
• Shaking hands, hugging, or sharing utensils.
• Swimming in pools or using the same toilet seats.
• Insect bites.