Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors including diet, sedentary lifestyle, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and gender

SouravNovember 3, 2024

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Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as coronary artery disease (CAD), is a condition characterized by the blockage of coronary arteries due to the buildup of fatty deposits, known as atheroma. This process, called atherosclerosis, narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow to the heart muscle, which can lead to chest pain (angina) or heart attacks.

Mechanism of Blockage

• Atherosclerosis: The primary cause of coronary heart disease is the accumulation of plaque (cholesterol, fatty substances, and other materials) on the arterial walls. Over time, this buildup narrows the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle.
• Consequences: If a plaque ruptures, it can lead to the formation of a blood clot that can completely obstruct blood flow, resulting in a heart attack. Reduced blood flow can also cause ischemia (insufficient blood supply), leading to damage or death of heart tissue.

Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease

Several risk factors contribute to the development of coronary heart disease. These factors can be classified into modifiable and non-modifiable categories:

Modifiable Risk Factors

1. Diet:
   • A diet high in saturated fats, trans fats, cholesterol, and sodium can increase cholesterol levels and promote atherosclerosis.
2. Sedentary Lifestyle:
   • Lack of physical activity contributes to obesity and increases the risk of high blood pressure and diabetes, all of which are risk factors for CHD.
3. Stress:
   • Chronic stress may lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms (e.g., poor diet or smoking) and can directly affect heart health by increasing blood pressure and contributing to inflammation.
4. Smoking:
   • Tobacco smoke contains harmful chemicals that damage the lining of arteries, promote plaque buildup, and increase heart rate and blood pressure.
5. Obesity:
   • Excess body weight is associated with higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, increased blood pressure, and a higher risk of diabetes.
6. Diabetes:
   • High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels over time and increase the likelihood of developing atherosclerosis.

Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

1. Genetic Predisposition:
   • A family history of heart disease increases an individual’s risk, especially if close relatives developed CHD at an early age.
2. Age:
   • The risk of developing coronary heart disease increases with age, particularly after 45 for men and 55 for women.
3. Gender:
   • Men generally have a higher risk of developing CHD earlier in life compared to women; however, women’s risk increases significantly after menopause due to hormonal changes that affect cardiovascular health.