E. coli, short for Escherichia coli, is a versatile bacterium that can be found in a variety of environments, including certain foods, soil, and the intestines of animals, including humans. It belongs to the genus Escherichia and exhibits a wide diversity of strains. While many strains of E. coli are harmless and even beneficial, some … Read more
Features of Malignant Cells Malignant cells exhibit the following characteristics: It has been hypothesised that the immune system is partially responsible for protecting the body from the development of cancers. In addition, the presence of multiple tumours in immunocompetent individuals suggests that the immune system has a limited function in defending against cancer and is … Read more
What is Stem cell? Stem Cells Definition Stem cells are unique cells in the body that have the potential to develop into different types of specialized cells or divide to produce more stem cells. Properties of Stem Cells Stem cells possess several intrinsic properties that make them unique and give them remarkable capabilities: These properties … Read more
What is T cell (T Lymphocyte)? Definition of T cell (T Lymphocyte) T cells, also known as T lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign pathogens, infected cells, and cancer cells. T cells have specialized receptors on … Read more
What are B cells or B lymphocytes? Definition of B cell (B lymphocyte) A B cell, or B lymphocyte, is a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and plays a crucial role in the immune response against infections. Morphology of B cell (B lymphocyte) Structure of B cell (B lymphocyte) Stage-specific Markers Antigen-binding … Read more
What are Neutrophils? Neutrophils Definition Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system’s defense against infections. They are highly mobile and act as phagocytes, engulfing and destroying bacteria and other harmful substances. Neutrophils are characterized by their multi-lobed nuclei and stainable cytoplasmic granules. They are part … Read more
What are Eosinophils? Definition of Eosinophils Eosinophils are a type of white blood cells that are involved in combating parasites, regulating allergic reactions, and supporting immune responses. They have distinctive granules in their cytoplasm and play a crucial role in maintaining immune system balance. Characteristics of Eosinophil Eosinophils possess several distinctive characteristics: These characteristics collectively … Read more
What is Dendritic cell? Location of Dendritic cell DCs in lymphoid organs Lymph nodes Spleen Thymus Blood Skin Gut Structure of Dendritic cells Dendritic cell maturation Mechanism of Dendritic Cells in Immunity – How Dendritic cells work against pathogens? (Immunity) Dendritic Cell Function in Innate Immune System Dendritic Cells Function in Innate Immunity to Adaptive … Read more
What is Body Lines of Defense? Defense Systems – Innate and Acquired Defense Systems When the body encounters invaders, it deploys two distinct types of responses: the Innate (Natural/Non-specific) response and the Acquired (Adaptive/Specific) response. These responses form the body’s defense systems against foreign particles. The Innate response remains consistent regardless of the number of … Read more
What are Anatomical Barriers? Anatomical barriers serve as the first line of defense against invading microbes or parasites, preventing them from entering the body and causing infection. These barriers consist of physical structures that organisms must attach to and penetrate before gaining entrance into the body. Microbes or parasites can enter the body through active … Read more
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