How do dominant alleles mask the effects of recessive alleles, and what is the effect of co-dominant alleles?

What occurs during the fusion of gametes, and how does it result in diploid zygotes with two alleles of each gene?

How do alleles of each gene separate into different haploid daughter nuclei during meiosis?

Why are gametes haploid, containing only one allele of each gene?

How did Mendel discover the principles of inheritance through his experiments with pea plants?

How was meiosis discovered through microscope examination of dividing germ-line cells?

How can the stages of meiosis be represented in diagrams showing the formation of four haploid cells?

What methods are used to obtain cells for karyotype analysis, such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis, and what are the associated risks?

How does parental age influence the likelihood of non-disjunction events?

What role does non-disjunction play in causing Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities?