What are the causes and consequences of lung cancer, and how does it impact lung function?

Why are different muscles required for inspiration and expiration, and how does muscle contraction contribute to each process?

How do muscle contractions create the pressure changes in the thorax that enable ventilation of the lungs?

How is air transported from the trachea to the alveoli, passing through the bronchi and bronchioles?

How do Type II pneumocytes help prevent the collapse of alveoli, and what role does surfactant play in this process?

What is the function of Type I pneumocytes in the alveoli, and how are they adapted for gas exchange?

How does ventilation maintain concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in adjacent capillaries?

What risks are associated with scientific research, specifically in the context of Florey and Chain’s penicillin tests, and how would these tests differ under current protocols?

How does HIV affect the immune system, and what are the primary methods of transmission?

What did Florey and Chain’s experiments on penicillin reveal about its effectiveness against bacterial infections?