Why does conjugation between an Hfr strain and an F-strain not result in two Hfr strains?
A) Conjugation is typically disrupted before the fertility factor can be transferred.
B) The cell membranes between the two strains never fuse together.
C) Hfr strains lack fertility factor.
D) The transferred genes typically recombine with the recipient chromosome.

How does an F+ cell differ from an Hfr cell?
A) Hfr cells cannot perform conjugation.
B) Hfr strains have the F plasmid integrated into the chromosome.
C) Hfr strains can no longer reproduce.
D) F+ cells have no plasmids.

Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?
A) Transformation
B) Conjugation and transformation
C) Conjugation
D) Transduction
E) Transduction, conjugation, and transformation

What is unique about transduction compared to normal bacteriophage infection?
A) Transduction transfers DNA from the chromosome of one cell to another.
B) The bacteriophage does not erupt from an infected cell during transduction.
C) The bacteriophage takes fragments of the cell with it during transduction.

The virus infects a host cell by:
The host cell engulfing the virus through endocytosis.
The virus removing the DNA from the host.
The virus pierces the outer surface of the host cell and injects its DNA.
The virus stays attached to the surface of the cell and takes over its genetic machinery.

The pilus is found on both the donor and recipient cells.
A) True
B) False

During bacterial conjugation, plasmid replication occurs in:
A) The donor only.
B) The recipient only.
C) Both the donor and recipient.
D) Either the donor or the recipient, but not both.
E) Neither the donor nor the recipient.

Which of the following does NOT occur during bacterial conjugation?
A) Direct contact between donor and recipient cells
B) Shortening of the pilus
C) Enzymatic cleavage of one strand at the origin of transfer
D) Unidirectional transfer of both DNA strands
E) Recipient cell becomes a donor cell after conjugation

If the virus is present as a provirus in the host cell, it remains latent and never produces new virus.
A) True
B) False

The polygenic mRNA codes for making one long polyprotein which is then cleaved into the separate individual virus proteins.
A) True
B) False