How is the cardiac cycle mapped to a normal ECG trace, and what information can be gathered from it?

How are systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements interpreted, and what do they signify?

What are the causes and consequences of hypertension and thrombosis, and how do they impact cardiovascular health?

How is defibrillation used to treat life-threatening cardiac conditions, and what is its mechanism?

How can artificial pacemakers regulate the heart rate, and in what situations are they used?

What causes normal heart sounds, and how do changes in blood flow relate to the closure of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves?

How do conducting fibres ensure the coordinated contraction of the entire ventricle wall?

How does this delay allow time for atrial systole before the atrioventricular valves close?

What is the purpose of the delay between the arrival and passing on of a stimulus at the atrioventricular node?