How do spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve mitosis, cell growth, two divisions of meiosis, and differentiation?

What phenomena were investigated to understand how desert animals prevent water loss in their wastes, and what were the findings?

Annotate a diagram of the nephron to show the structure and function of each part involved in filtration and reabsorption.

Draw and label the structure of the human kidney, highlighting the role of each part in osmoregulation.

How are blood cells, glucose, proteins, and drugs detected in urinary tests, and what do these tests reveal about health?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of hemodialysis and kidney transplants in the treatment of kidney failure?

What are the consequences of dehydration and over-hydration on the body, particularly on kidney function?

How do the types of nitrogenous waste excreted by animals correlate with their evolutionary history and habitat?

What is the relationship between the length of the loop of Henle and an animal’s need for water conservation?

How does the hormone ADH control the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the nephron?